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It is commonly found in the nasopharynx of asymptomatic carriers, and, under certain still unknown conditions, can invade the brain. We evaluated whether pneumococcal cells recovered from lysed OECs and microglia are able to survive by manipulating the host cell activation. An intracellular-survival assay of <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> in OECs showed a significant number of bacterial CFU recovered after 3\u2009h of infection. In contrast, microglia assays resulted in a reduced number of CFU. Electron-microscopy analysis revealed a large number of pneumococci with apparently intact morphology. However, microglia cells showed endocytic vesicles containing only bacterial cell debris. Infection of OEC cultures resulted in continuous NF-\u03baB activation. The IFN-\u03b3-induced increase of iNOS expression was reversed in infected OECs. OECs are susceptible to <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> infection, which can suppress their cytotoxic mechanisms in order to survive. We suggest that, in contrast to microglia, OECs might serve as safe targets for pneumococci, providing a more stable environment for evasion of the immune system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,9]],"date-time":"2016-11-09T12:39:21Z","timestamp":1478695161000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Streptococcus pneumoniae resists intracellular killing by olfactory ensheathing cells but not by microglia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Hugo","family":"Macedo-Ramos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Ruiz-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael M.","family":"Mariante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erick V.","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucas C.","family":"Quadros-de-Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mauricio M.","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eliane de O.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatiana C. 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