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However, prior studies showed variable effects of nectar chemicals on infection, which could reflect variable phytochemical resistance among parasite strains. Inter-strain variation in resistance could influence evolutionary interactions between plants, pollinators, and pollinator disease, but testing direct effects of phytochemicals on parasites requires elimination of variation between bees. Using cell cultures of the bumble bee parasite\n                    <jats:italic>Crithidia bombi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , we determined (1) growth-inhibiting effects of nine floral phytochemicals and (2) variation in phytochemical resistance among four parasite strains.\n                    <jats:italic>C. bombi<\/jats:italic>\n                    growth was unaffected by naturally occurring concentrations of the known antitrypanosomal phenolics gallic acid, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid. However,\n                    <jats:italic>C. bombi<\/jats:italic>\n                    growth was inhibited by anabasine, eugenol, and thymol. Strains varied &gt;3-fold in phytochemical resistance, suggesting that selection for phytochemical resistance could drive parasite evolution. Inhibitory concentrations of thymol (4.53\u201322.2\u2009ppm) were similar to concentrations in\n                    <jats:italic>Thymus vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    nectar (mean 5.2\u2009ppm). Exposure of\n                    <jats:italic>C. bombi<\/jats:italic>\n                    to naturally occurring levels of phytochemicals\u2014either within bees or during parasite transmission via flowers\u2014could influence infection in nature. Flowers that produce antiparasitic phytochemicals, including thymol, could potentially reduce infection in\n                    <jats:italic>Bombus<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations, thereby counteracting a possible contributor to pollinator decline.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,24]],"date-time":"2016-11-24T05:33:51Z","timestamp":1479965631000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Bumble bee parasite strains vary in resistance to phytochemicals"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Evan C.","family":"Palmer-Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben M.","family":"Sadd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip C.","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca E.","family":"Irwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn S.","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep37087_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12257","volume":"17","author":"SH McArt","year":"2014","unstructured":"McArt, S. 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