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A total of 637 first-born twins in Guangzhou Twin Eye Study with 6-year annual visits (baseline age 7\u201315 years) were available in the analysis. Cluster 1 to 3 were classified after a partitioning clustering, representing stable, slow and fast progressing groups of refraction respectively. Baseline age and refraction, paternal refraction, maternal refraction and proportion of two myopic parents showed significant differences across the three groups. Three major components of progression were extracted using PCA: \u201cAverage refraction\u201d, \u201cAcceleration\u201d and the combination of \u201cMyopia stabilization\u201d and \u201cLate onset of refraction progress\u201d. In regression models, younger children with more severe myopia were associated with larger \u201cAcceleration\u201d. The risk factors of \u201cAcceleration\u201d included change of height and weight, near work, and parental myopia, while female gender, change of height and weight were associated with \u201cStabilization\u201d, and increased outdoor time was related to \u201cLate onset of refraction progress\u201d. We therefore concluded that genetic and environmental risk factors have different impacts on patterns of refraction progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,22]],"date-time":"2016-11-22T10:11:20Z","timestamp":1479809480000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Patterns in longitudinal growth of refraction in Southern Chinese children: cluster and principal component analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Yanxian","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Billy Heung Wing","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaohu","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingguang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep37636_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2005.00298.x","volume":"25","author":"SM Saw","year":"2005","unstructured":"Saw, S. 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