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Current laboratory oral toxicity tests in\n                    <jats:italic>A. mellifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. use short-term, maximum 96\u2009hour, exposures which may not necessarily account for chronic and cumulative toxicity. Here, we use extended 240\u2009hour (10\u2009day) exposures to examine seven agrochemicals and trace environmental pollutant toxicities for adult honeybees. Data were used to parameterise a dynamic energy budget model (DEBtox) to further examine potential survival effects up to 30 day and 90 day summer and winter worker lifespans. Honeybees were most sensitive to insecticides (clothianidin\u2009&gt;\u2009dimethoate\u2009\u226b\u2009tau-fluvalinate), then trace metals\/metalloids (cadmium, arsenic), followed by the fungicide propiconazole and herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    s calculated from DEBtox parameters indicated a 27 fold change comparing exposure from 48 to 720\u2009hours (summer worker lifespan) for cadmium, as the most time-dependent chemical as driven by slow toxicokinetics. Clothianidin and dimethoate exhibited more rapid toxicokinetics with 48 to 720\u2009hour LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    s changes of &lt;4 fold. As effects from long-term exposure may exceed those measured in short-term tests, future regulatory tests should extend to 96\u2009hours as standard, with extension to 240\u2009hour exposures further improving realism.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,20]],"date-time":"2016-12-20T06:02:27Z","timestamp":1482213747000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Extending standard testing period in honeybees to predict lifespan impacts of pesticides and heavy metals using dynamic energy budget modelling"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"H.","family":"Hesketh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Lahive","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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