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In initial <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> studies herein, we found LNG significantly impaired activation of human dendritic cell (DCs) and their capacity to promote allogeneic T cell proliferation. In follow-up studies in a murine model of intranasal <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic> infection, we analogously found that LNG treatment prior to infection dramatically reduced CD40 expression in DCs isolated from draining lymph nodes at 2 days post infection (dpi). At 12 dpi, we also detected significantly fewer CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells in the lungs of LNG-treated mice. This inhibition of DC activation and T cell expansion in LNG-treated mice also delayed chlamydial clearance and the resolution of pulmonary inflammation. Conversely, administering agonist anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody to LNG-treated mice at 1 dpi restored lung T cell numbers and chlamydial burden at 12 dpi to levels seen in infected controls. Together, these studies reveal that LNG suppresses DC activation and function, and inhibits formation of pathogen-specific T cell immunity. They also highlight the need for studies that define <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> effects of LNG use on human host response to microbial pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,28]],"date-time":"2016-11-28T15:41:52Z","timestamp":1480347712000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Dendritic cell function and pathogen-specific T cell immunity are inhibited in mice administered levonorgestrel prior to intranasal Chlamydia trachomatis infection"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Nirk E.","family":"Quispe Calla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo D.","family":"Vicetti Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ao","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shumin","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn R.","family":"Gilmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas L.","family":"Cherpes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep37723_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.11.002","volume":"23","author":"J Cleland","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cleland, J. 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