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Here we analyze and compare the bacterial microbiome of sputum samples from pneumonia patients in relation to the presence and abundance of the genus <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>. The prevalence of <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> species was determined by culture, PCR, and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Nine sputum samples out of the 133 analyzed were PCR-positive using <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> genus-specific primers. Only one sample was positive by culture. Illumina MiSeq 16S rRNA gene sequencing analyses of <jats:italic>Legionella-<\/jats:italic>positive and <jats:italic>Legionella-<\/jats:italic>negative sputum samples, confirmed that indeed, <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> was present in the PCR-positive sputum samples. This approach allowed the identification of the sputum microbiome at the genus level, and for <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> genus at the species and sub-species level. 42% of the sputum samples were dominated by <jats:italic>Streptococcus. Legionella<\/jats:italic> was never the dominating genus and was always accompanied by other respiratory pathogens. Interestingly, sputum samples that were <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> positive were inhabited by aquatic bacteria that have been observed in an association with amoeba, indicating that amoeba might have transferred <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> from the drinking water together with its microbiome. This is the first study that demonstrates the sputum major bacterial commensals and pathogens profiles with regard to <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> presence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]],"date-time":"2017-01-06T10:18:00Z","timestamp":1483697880000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Comparison of sputum microbiome of legionellosis-associated patients and other pneumonia patients: indications for polybacterial infections"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Hila","family":"Mizrahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avi","family":"Peretz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Lesnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yana","family":"Aizenberg-Gershtein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yehonatan","family":"Sharaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Pastukh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Brettar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred G.","family":"H\u00f6fle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malka","family":"Halpern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep40114_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.3.506-526.2002","volume":"15","author":"BS Fields","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fields, B. 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