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Further, most studies focus on body size <jats:italic>per se<\/jats:italic> even though this depends on both fat and muscle mass \u2013 variables that have very different relationships with health. We tested visual adaptation as a mechanism for inducing body fat and muscle mass misperception, and assessed whether these two dimensions of body space are processed independently. Observers manipulated the apparent fat and muscle mass of bodies to make them appear \u201cnormal\u201d before and after inspecting images from one of four adaptation conditions (increased fat\/decreased fat\/increased muscle\/decreased muscle). Exposure resulted in a shift in the point of subjective normality in the direction of the adapting images along the relevant (fat or muscle) axis, suggesting that the neural mechanisms involved in body fat and muscle perception are independent. This supports the viability of adaptation as a model of real-world body size misperception, and extends its applicability to clinical manifestations of body image disturbance that entail not only preoccupation with thinness (e.g., anorexia nervosa) but also with muscularity (e.g., muscle dysmorphia).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,10]],"date-time":"2017-01-10T10:27:47Z","timestamp":1484044067000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Independent Aftereffects of Fat and Muscle: Implications for neural encoding, body space representation, and body image disturbance"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Sturman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian D.","family":"Stephen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Mond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin R.","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep40392_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-108X(199709)22:2<107::AID-EAT1>3.0.CO;2-J","volume":"22","author":"TF Cash","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cash, T. 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