{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T13:56:47Z","timestamp":1790431007070,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]],"date-time":"2017-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485734400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]],"date-time":"2017-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tinnitus is primarily an auditory symptom. Yet not only patients and clinicians, but also current pathophysiological models relate the onset and maintenance of tinnitus to stress. Here physiological and psychological stress reactivity was investigated in 19 patients with subjective chronic tinnitus and 19 comparable healthy controls. All participants underwent five consecutive measurements in one session including three resting conditions and two stress tasks in between (mental arithmetic and concentration on tinnitus\/ear noise). Stress reactivity was assessed by heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV) and subjective ratings for each of the five measurements. In patients with tinnitus, mean HR was overall decreased and blunted in response to acute stress induced by mental arithmetic compared to controls. HRV measures did not differ between both groups. Tinnitus sufferers indicated more subjective stress and increased awareness of tinnitus after the mental arithmetic task (during both resting and concentration on tinnitus measurements), but perceived similar levels of stress during mental arithmetic stress. In contrast to controls, HR and HRV were not correlated and also strain reports and physiological data were not associated in tinnitus. Our data show hints for a de-synchronization of physiological and psychological stress reactivity in chronic tinnitus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]],"date-time":"2017-01-30T10:15:43Z","timestamp":1485771343000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Stress Reactivity in Chronic Tinnitus"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Linda T.","family":"Betz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"M\u00fchlberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berthold","family":"Langguth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Schecklmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s00106-013-2798-9","volume":"62","author":"H Schaaf","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schaaf, H., Flohre, S., Hesse, G. & Gieler, U. Chronischer Stress als Einflussgr\u00f6\u00dfe bei Tinnituspatienten. HNO 62, 108\u2013114 (2014).","journal-title":"HNO"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR2","first-page":"261","volume":"7","author":"M Pilgramm","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pilgramm, M. et al. Tinnitus in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Eine repr\u00e4sentative epidemiologische Studie. HNO aktuell 7, 261\u2013265 (1999).","journal-title":"HNO aktuell"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-130","volume":"11","author":"D Hasson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hasson, D., Theorell, T., Wall\u00e9n, M. B., Leineweber, C. & Canlon, B. Stress and prevalence of hearing problems in the Swedish working population. BMC public health 11, 130 (2011).","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2012.08.015","volume":"295","author":"B Canlon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Canlon, B., Theorell, T. & Hasson, D. Associations between stress and hearing problems in humans. Hearing Research 295, 9\u201315 (2013).","journal-title":"Hearing Research"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(00)00235-5","volume":"152","author":"TL Sahley","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sahley, T. L. & Nodar, R. H. A biochemical model of peripheral tinnitus. Hearing Research 152, 43\u201354 (2001).","journal-title":"Hearing Research"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR6","first-page":"41","volume":"6","author":"C Schmitt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schmitt, C., Patak, M. & Kr\u00f6ner-Herwig, B. Stress and the onset of sudden hearing loss and tinnitus. International Tinnitus Journal 6, 41 (2000).","journal-title":"International Tinnitus Journal"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e31822229bd","volume":"32","author":"A Baigi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baigi, A., Oden, A., Almlid-Larsen, V., Barren\u00e4s, M.-L. & Holgers, K.-M. Tinnitus in the general population with a focus on noise and stress: a public health study. Ear and Hearing 32, 787\u2013789 (2011).","journal-title":"Ear and Hearing"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1988.tb00778.x","volume":"27","author":"RS Hallam","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hallam, R. S., Jakes, S. C. & Hinchcliffe, R. Cognitive variables in tinnitus annoyance. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 27, 213\u2013222 (1988).","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR9","first-page":"31","volume":"3","author":"RS Hallam","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hallam, R. S., Rachman, S. & Hinchcliffe, R. Psychological aspects of tinnitus. Contributions to Medical Psychology 3, 31\u201353 (1984).","journal-title":"Contributions to Medical Psychology"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)66020-8","volume":"166","author":"B Langguth","year":"2007","unstructured":"Langguth, B. et al. Tinnitus severity, depression, and the big five personality traits. Progress in Brain Research 166, 221\u2013225 (2007).","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/16513860410028735","volume":"2","author":"L McKenna","year":"2004","unstructured":"McKenna, L. Models of tinnitus suffering and treatment compared and contrasted. Audiological Medicine 2, 41\u201353 (2004).","journal-title":"Audiological Medicine"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-007-9145-0","volume":"31","author":"K Heinecke","year":"2008","unstructured":"Heinecke, K., Weise, C., Schwarz, K. & Rief, W. Physiological and psychological stress reactivity in chronic tinnitus. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 31, 179\u2013188 (2008).","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Medicine"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR13","unstructured":"Hoffman, H. J. R. G. In Tinnitus: Theory and Management. edited by Snow J. B. (BC Decker, London, pp. 16\u201341, 2004)."},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3109\/03005368909077819","volume":"23","author":"A Axelsson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Axelsson, A. & Ringdahl, A. Tinnitus-a study of its prevalence and characteristics. British Journal of Audiology 23, 53\u201362 (1989).","journal-title":"British Journal of Audiology"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(02)00160-3","volume":"36","author":"AJ Heller","year":"2003","unstructured":"Heller, A. J. Classification and epidemiology of tinnitus. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 36, 239\u2013248 (2003).","journal-title":"Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKenna, L., Handscomb, L., Hoare, D. J. & Hall, D. A. A scientific cognitive-behavioral model of tinnitus: novel conceptualizations of tinnitus distress. Frontiers in Neurology 5 (2014).","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2014.00196"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-0102(90)90031-9","volume":"8","author":"PJ Jastreboff","year":"1990","unstructured":"Jastreboff, P. J. Phantom auditory perception (tinnitus): mechanisms of generation and perception. Neuroscience Research 8, 221\u2013254 (1990).","journal-title":"Neuroscience Research"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3109\/03005369309077884","volume":"27","author":"PJ Jastreboff","year":"1993","unstructured":"Jastreboff, P. J. & Hazell, J. W. P. A neurophysiological approach to tinnitus: clinical implications. British Journal of Audiology 27, 7\u2013l7 (1993).","journal-title":"British Journal of Audiology"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2012.04.003","volume":"17","author":"E Wallh\u00e4usser-Franke","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wallh\u00e4usser-Franke, E., Schredl, M. & Delb, W. Tinnitus and insomnia: Is hyperarousal the common denominator? Sleep Medicine Reviews 17, 65\u201374 (2013).","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine Reviews"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/03655230600895580","volume":"126","author":"Dde Ridder","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ridder, D. de et al. Amygdalohippocampal involvement in tinnitus and auditory memory. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 126, 50\u201353 (2006).","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngologica"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/000164800454503","volume":"120","author":"F Mirz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mirz, F. Cortical networks subserving the perception of tinnitus-a PET study. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 120, 241\u2013243 (2000).","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngologica"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2011.06.007","volume":"165","author":"E van der Loo","year":"2011","unstructured":"van der Loo, E., Congedo, M., Vanneste, S., van de Heyning, P. & de Ridder, D. Insular lateralization in tinnitus distress. Autonomic Neuroscience 165, 191\u2013194 (2011).","journal-title":"Autonomic Neuroscience"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59728","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059728","volume":"8","author":"S Vanneste","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vanneste, S. & Ridder, D. de. Brain areas controlling heart rate variability in tinnitus and tinnitus-related distress. PloS One 8, e59728 (2013).","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elgoyhen, A. B., Langguth, B., Ridder, D. de & Vanneste, S. Tinnitus: perspectives from human neuroimaging. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2015).","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn4003"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)66001-4","volume":"166","author":"AR M\u00f8ller","year":"2007","unstructured":"M\u00f8ller, A. R. Tinnitus: presence and future. Progress in Brain Research 166, 3\u201316 (2007).","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1177\/003591575104400824","volume":"44","author":"EG Passe","year":"1951","unstructured":"Passe, E. G. Sympathectomy in relation to Meniere\u2019s disease, nerve deafness and tinnitus. A report on 110 cases. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 44, 760\u2013772 (1951).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR27","first-page":"20","volume":"5","author":"E Datzov","year":"1999","unstructured":"Datzov, E. et al. Tinnitus, heart rate variability, and some biochemical indicators. International Tinnitus Journal 5, 20\u201323 (1999).","journal-title":"International Tinnitus Journal"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, E. J. et al. Autonomic conditions in tinnitus and implications for korean medicine. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013).","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/402585"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR29","first-page":"67","volume":"2","author":"S Miyoshi","year":"1996","unstructured":"Miyoshi, S., Eng, M., Uemi, N., Eng, D. & Ifukube, T. Increased Parasympathetic Nerve Tone in Tinnitus Patients Following Electrical Promontory Stimu-lation. International Tinnitus Journal 2, 67\u201371 (1996).","journal-title":"International Tinnitus Journal"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1159\/000066155","volume":"7","author":"T Ganz Sanchez","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ganz Sanchez, T., Guerra, G. C. Y., Lorenzi, M. C., Brand\u00e3o, A. L. & Bento, R. F. The influence of voluntary muscle contractions upon the onset and modulation of tinnitus. Audiology and Neurotology 7, 370\u2013375 (2002).","journal-title":"Audiology and Neurotology"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1007\/s00106-002-0750-5","volume":"51","author":"I Peroz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Peroz, I. Dysfunctions of the stomatognathic system in tinnitus patients compared to controls. HNO 51, 544\u2013549 (2003).","journal-title":"HNO"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2015.06.005","volume":"334","author":"C Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu, C., Stefanescu, R. A., Martel, D. T. & Shore, S. E. Tinnitus: Maladaptive auditory\u2013somatosensory plasticity. Hearing Research 334, 20\u201329 (2016).","journal-title":"Hearing Research"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)66021-X","volume":"166","author":"T Cr\u00f6nlein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cr\u00f6nlein, T., Langguth, B., Geisler, P. & Hajak, G. Tinnitus and insomnia. Progress in Brain Research 166, 227\u2013233 (2007).","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2016.03.001","volume":"83","author":"T Cr\u00f6nlein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cr\u00f6nlein, T. et al. Insomnia in patients with chronic tinnitus: Cognitive and emotional distress as moderator variables. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 83, 65\u201368 (2016).","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosomatic Research"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2011.575178","volume":"12","author":"B Langguth","year":"2011","unstructured":"Langguth, B., Landgrebe, M., Kleinjung, T., Sand, G. P. & Hajak, G. Tinnitus and depression. The world journal of biological psychiatry 12, 489\u2013500 (2011).","journal-title":"The world journal of biological psychiatry"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.10.028","volume":"411","author":"S H\u00e9bert","year":"2007","unstructured":"H\u00e9bert, S. & Lupien, S. J. The sound of stress: blunted cortisol reactivity to psychosocial stress in tinnitus sufferers. Neuroscience Letters 411, 138\u2013142 (2007).","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2007.11.005","volume":"212","author":"S H\u00e9bert","year":"2009","unstructured":"H\u00e9bert, S. & Lupien, S. J. Salivary cortisol levels, subjective stress, and tinnitus intensity in tinnitus sufferers during noise exposure in the laboratory. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 212, 37\u201344 (2009).","journal-title":"International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsalman, O. A., Tucker, D. & Vanneste, S. Salivary Stress-Related Responses in Tinnitus: A Preliminary Study in Young Male Subjects with Tinnitus. Frontiers in Neuroscience 10 (2016).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00338"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.05.091","volume":"47","author":"F \u00c5hs","year":"2009","unstructured":"\u00c5hs, F., Sollers, J. J., Furmark, T., Fredrikson, M. & Thayer, J. F. High-frequency heart rate variability and cortico-striatal activity in men and women with social phobia. NeuroImage 47, 815\u2013820 (2009).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamath, M. V., Watanabe, M. A. & Upton, A. R. M. In Heart Rate Variability (HRV) Signal Analysis (CRC Press, pp. 1\u20136, 2012).","DOI":"10.1201\/b12756-2"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taelman, J., Vandeput, S., Spaepen, A. & van Huffel, S. In Influence of mental stress on heart rate and heart rate variability edited by J. Vander Sloten, P. Verdonck, M. Nyssen & J. Haueisen (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 1366\u20131369, 2009).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-89208-3_324"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ernst, G. In Heart Rate Variability (Springer London, London, pp. 51\u2013118, 2014).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-4309-3_4"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR43","first-page":"824","volume":"87","author":"EH Horn","year":"1965","unstructured":"Horn, E. H. & Lee, S. T. Electronic evaluations of the fetal heart rate patterns preceding fetal death: further observation. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 87, 824\u2013826 (1965).","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology (Task Force). Heart rate variability standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Eur Heart J 17, 354\u2013381 (1996).","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014868"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.11.009","volume":"36","author":"JF Thayer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thayer, J. F., \u00c5hs, F., Fredrikson, M., Sollers, J. J. & Wager, T. D. A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 36, 747\u2013756 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-006-0119-0","volume":"44","author":"UR Acharya","year":"2006","unstructured":"Acharya, U. R., Joseph, K. P., Kannathal, N., Lim, C. M. & Suri, J. S. Heart rate variability: a review. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 44, 1031\u20131051 (2006).","journal-title":"Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR47","first-page":"243","volume":"57","author":"J Hart","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hart, J. Association between heart rate variability and manual pulse rate. The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association 57, 243 (2013).","journal-title":"The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.27.1.34","volume":"27","author":"DW Johnston","year":"2008","unstructured":"Johnston, D. W., Tuomisto, M. T. & Patching, G. R. The relationship between cardiac reactivity in the laboratory and in real life. Health Psychology 27, 34 (2008).","journal-title":"Health Psychology"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.00069","volume":"40","author":"TW Kamarck","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kamarck, T. W., Schwartz, J. E., Janicki, D. L., Shiffman, S. & Raynor, D. A. Correspondence between laboratory and ambulatory measures of cardiovascular reactivity: a multilevel modeling approach. Psychophysiology 40, 675\u2013683 (2003).","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.890949","volume":"20","author":"H De\u011firmenci","year":"2014","unstructured":"De\u011firmenci, H. et al. Determination of Correlation Among Heart Rate Variability, Left Atrium Global Strain, and Nighttime Blood Pressure Among Patients with Tinnitus. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research 20, 1714\u20131719 (2014).","journal-title":"Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000119004","volume":"28","author":"C Kirschbaum","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K.-M. & Hellhammer, D. H. The \u2018Trier Social Stress Test\u2019\u2013a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology 28, 76\u201381 (1993).","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Probst, T., Pryss, R., Langguth, B. & Schlee, W. Emotional states as mediators between tinnitus loudness and tinnitus distress in daily life: Results from the \u201cTrackYourTinnitus\u201d application. Scientific reports 6 (2016).","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20382"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00309-8","volume":"66","author":"P Bech","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bech, P., Rasmussen, N.-A., Olsen, L. R., Noerholm, V. & Abildgaard, W. The sensitivity and specificity of the Major Depression Inventory, using the Present State Examination as the index of diagnostic validity. Journal of Affective Disorders 66, 159\u2013164 (2001).","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR54","unstructured":"Psychiatric Research Unit. Major (ICD-10) Depression Inventory - MDI. Version EVA-Psych MDK. Mental Health Centre North Zealand. Available at http:\/\/www.cure4you.dk\/354\/MDI_%20German.pdf (2006)."},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(93)90120-5","volume":"37","author":"S Levenstein","year":"1993","unstructured":"Levenstein, S. et al. Development of the Perceived Stress Questionnaire: a new tool for psychosomatic research. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 37, 19\u201332 (1993).","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosomatic Research"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1026\/\/0012-1924.47.3.142","volume":"47","author":"H Fliege","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fliege, H., Rose, M., Arck, P., Levenstein, S. & Klapp, B. F. Validierung des \u2018\u2018Perceived Stress Questionnaire\u201d(PSQ) an einer deutschen Stichprobe. Diagnostica 47, 142\u2013152 (2001).","journal-title":"Diagnostica"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR57","unstructured":"Costa, P. T. & MacCrae, R. R. Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO five-factor inventory (NEO FFI): Professional manual (Psychological Assessment Resources, 1992)."},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR58","unstructured":"Borkenau, P. & Ostendorf, F. Das NEO F\u00fcnf-Faktoren-Inventar (NEO-FFI): Handanweisung (1994)."},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR59","unstructured":"Lehrl, S. Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Intelligenztest: MWT-B (Spitta, 1999)."},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR60","first-page":"166","volume":"42","author":"G G\u00f6bel","year":"1994","unstructured":"G\u00f6bel, G. & Hiller, W. The tinnitus questionnaire. A standard instrument for grading the degree of tinnitus. Results of a multicenter study with the tinnitus questionnaire. HNO 42, 166\u2013172 (1994).","journal-title":"HNO"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)00595-7","volume":"35","author":"L Bernardi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bernardi, L. et al. Effects of controlled breathing, mental activity and mental stress with or without verbalization on heart rate variability. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 35, 1462\u20131469 (2000).","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Cardiology"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(84)90544-1","volume":"108","author":"G Specchia","year":"1984","unstructured":"Specchia, G. et al. Mental arithmetic stress testing in patients with coronary artery disease. American Heart Journal 108, 56\u201363 (1984).","journal-title":"American Heart Journal"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2013.07.024","volume":"113","author":"MP Tarvainen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tarvainen, M. P., Niskanen, J.-P., Lipponen, J. A., Ranta-Aho, P. O. & Karjalainen, P. A. Kubios HRV\u2013heart rate variability analysis software. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 113, 210\u2013220 (2014).","journal-title":"Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuusela, T. In Heart Rate Variability (HRV) Signal Analysis (CRC Press, pp. 9\u201342, 2012).","DOI":"10.1201\/b12756-4"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03346164","volume":"62","author":"I B\u00f6ckelmann","year":"2012","unstructured":"B\u00f6ckelmann, I. Analysis of heart rate variability\u2014relevance for practice. Zentralblatt f\u00fcr Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomie 62, 275\u2013279 (2012).","journal-title":"Zentralblatt f\u00fcr Arbeitsmedizin, Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomie"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","volume":"41","author":"F Faul","year":"2009","unstructured":"Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A. & Lang, A.-G. Statistical power analyses using G* Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods 41, 1149\u20131160 (2009).","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21785","volume":"26","author":"EJ Paulus","year":"2013","unstructured":"Paulus, E. J., Argo, T. R. & Egge, J. A. The impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on blood pressure and heart rate in a veteran population. Journal of Traumatic Stress 26, 169\u2013172 (2013).","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schecklmann, M. et al. Psychophysiological Associations between Chronic Tinnitus and Sleep: A Cross Validation of Tinnitus and Insomnia Questionnaires. BioMed Research International 2015 (2015).","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/461090"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2007.04.005","volume":"32","author":"U Rimmele","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rimmele, U. et al. Trained men show lower cortisol, heart rate and psychological responses to psychosocial stress compared with untrained men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 32, 627\u2013635 (2007).","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2004.09.013","volume":"103","author":"GRH Sandercock","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sandercock, G. R. H., Bromley, P. D. & Brodie, D. A. The reliability of short-term measurements of heart rate variability. International Journal of Cardiology 103, 238\u2013247 (2005).","journal-title":"International Journal of Cardiology"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ernst, G. In Heart Rate Variability (Springer London, London, pp. 119\u2013128, 2014).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-4309-3_5"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-2991-z","volume":"39","author":"L Wieske","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wieske, L. et al. Autonomic dysfunction in ICU-acquired weakness: a prospective observational pilot study. Intensive Care Medicine 39, 1610\u20131617 (2013).","journal-title":"Intensive Care Medicine"},{"key":"BFsrep41521_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8075","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1018466108","volume":"108","author":"D Ridder","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ridder, D. de, Elgoyhen, A. B., Romo, R. & Langguth, B. Phantom percepts: tinnitus and pain as persisting aversive memory networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, 8075\u20138080 (2011).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep41521.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep41521","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep41521.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T21:05:38Z","timestamp":1671829538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep41521"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep41521"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep41521","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 October 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 December 2016","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"41521"}}