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However, the potential harmful effects of leukocytes in PRP on cartilage regeneration have seldom been studied\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and not at all\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    yet. The objective of the present study is to compare the effects of leukocyte- and platelet-rich plasma (L-PRP) and pure platelet-rich plasma (P-PRP) on cartilage repair and NF-\u03baB pathway, in order to explore the mechanism underlying the function of leukocytes in PRP in cartilage regeneration. The constituent analysis showed that P-PRP had significantly lower concentrations of leukocytes and pro-inflammatory cytokines compared with L-PRP. In addition, cell proliferation and differentiation assays indicated P-PRP promoted growth and chondrogenesis of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSC) significantly compared with L-PRP. Despite similarity in macroscopic appearance, the implantation of P-PRP combining rBMSC\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    yielded better cartilage repair results than the L-PRP group based on histological examination. Importantly, the therapeutic effects of PRP on cartilage regeneration could be enhanced by removing leukocytes to avoid the activation of the NF-\u03baB pathway. Thus, PRP without concentrated leukocytes may be more suitable for the treatment of articular cartilage lesions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,7]],"date-time":"2017-03-07T05:02:30Z","timestamp":1488862950000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Comparative evaluation of leukocyte- and platelet-rich plasma and pure platelet-rich plasma for cartilage regeneration"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Zhengliang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuelei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuetao","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep43301_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199808)41:8<1331::AID-ART2>3.0.CO;2-J","volume":"41","author":"JA Buckwalter","year":"1998","unstructured":"Buckwalter, J. 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