{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:56:43Z","timestamp":1791295003480,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]],"date-time":"2017-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488499200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]],"date-time":"2017-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Empathy is a key component of our ability to engage and interact with others. In recent years, the neural mechanisms underlying affective and cognitive empathy have garnered intense interest. This work demonstrates that empathy for others depends upon a distributed network of regions such as the insula, parietal cortex, and somatosensory areas, which are also activated when we ourselves experience an empathized-with emotion (e.g., pain). Individuals vary markedly in their ability to empathize with others, which predicts the tendency to help others and relates to individual differences in the neuroanatomy of these areas. Here, we use a newly developed, high-resolution (800\u2009\u03bcm isotropic), quantitative MRI technique to better elucidate the neuroanatomical underpinnings of individual differences in empathy. Our findings extend previous studies of the neuroanatomical correlates of cognitive and affective empathy. In particular, individual differences in cognitive empathy were associated with markers of myeloarchitectural integrity of the insular cortex, while affective empathy was predicted by a marker of iron content in second somatosensory cortex. These results indicate potential novel biomarkers of trait empathy, suggesting that microstructural features of an empathy and body-related network are crucial for understanding the mental and emotional states of others.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]],"date-time":"2017-03-03T13:18:44Z","timestamp":1488547124000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Insula and somatosensory cortical myelination and iron markers underlie individual differences in empathy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Micah","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darya","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James C.","family":"Glen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Fardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina F.","family":"Callaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geraint","family":"Rees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-062111-150536","volume":"35","author":"BC Bernhardt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bernhardt, B. C. & Singer, T. The Neural Basis of Empathy. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 35, 1\u201323 (2012).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0160","volume":"365","author":"U Frith","year":"2010","unstructured":"Frith, U. & Frith, C. The social brain: allowing humans to boldly go where no other species has been. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London B Biol. Sci. 365, 165\u2013176 (2010).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London B Biol. Sci"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3085","volume":"15","author":"J Zaki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zaki, J. & Ochsner, K. The neuroscience of empathy: progress, pitfalls and promise. Nat. Neurosci. 15, 675\u2013680 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.44.1.113","volume":"44","author":"MH Davis","year":"1983","unstructured":"Davis, M. H. Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 44, 113\u2013126 (1983).","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2004.03.010","volume":"14","author":"S Hamann","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hamann, S. & Canli, T. Individual differences in emotion processing. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 14, 233\u2013238 (2004).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/nvsm.198","volume":"8","author":"R Bennett","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bennett, R. Factors underlying the inclination to donate to particular types of charity. Int. J. Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Mark. 8, 12\u201329 (2003).","journal-title":"Int. J. Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Mark"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.09.003","volume":"68","author":"G Hein","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hein, G., Silani, G., Preuschoff, K., Batson, C. D. & Singer, T. Neural Responses to Ingroup and Outgroup Members\u2019 Suffering Predict Individual Differences in Costly Helping. Neuron 68, 149\u2013160 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02686670","volume":"7","author":"A Mehrabian","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mehrabian, A., Young, A. L. & Sato, S. Emotional empathy and associated individual differences. Curr. Psychol. 7, 221\u2013240 (1988).","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04540.x","volume":"1167","author":"A Knafo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Knafo, A. et al. Empathy in early childhood: Genetic, environmental, and affective contributions. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1167, 103\u2013114 (2009).","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3000","volume":"12","author":"R Kanai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kanai, R. & Rees, G. The structural basis of inter-individual differences in human behaviour and cognition. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 12, 231\u2013242 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20204","volume":"33","author":"G Gini","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gini, G., Albiero, P., Benelli, B. & Altoe, G. Does Empathy Predict Adolescents \u2019 Bullying and Defending Behavior? Aggress. Behav. 33, 467\u2013476 (2007).","journal-title":"Aggress. Behav."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2805-c1","volume":"11","author":"L Schilbach","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schilbach, L. A second-person approach to other minds. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, 1 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X12000660","volume":"36","author":"L Schilbach","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schilbach, L. et al. Toward a second-person neuroscience. Behav. Brain Sci. 36, 393\u2013462 (2013).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR14","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"Y Sun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, J. & Luo, F. Emotional mimicry signals pain empathy as evidenced by facial electromyography. Sci. Rep. 5, 1\u201310 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR15","first-page":"71","volume":"142","author":"S Ikezawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ikezawa, S., Corbera, S., Liu, J. & Wexler, B. E. Empathy in Electrodermal Responsive and Nonresponsive Patients with Schizophrenia Satoru. Sch 142, 71\u201376 (2012).","journal-title":"Sch"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.07.072","volume":"16","author":"V Gazzola","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gazzola, V., Aziz-Zadeh, L. & Keysers, C. Empathy and the Somatotopic Auditory Mirror System in Humans. Curr. Biol. 16, 1824\u20131829 (2006).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171000228X","volume":"41","author":"Y Fan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fan, Y. et al. The narcissistic self and its psychological and neural correlates : an exploratory fMRI study. Psychol. Med. 41, 1641\u20131650 (2011).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.03.071","volume":"20","author":"A Avenanti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Avenanti, A. et al. Report Racial Bias Reduces Empathic Sensorimotor Resonance with Other-Race Pain. Curr. Biol. 20, 1018\u20131022 (2010).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.04.186","volume":"32","author":"Y Moriguchi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moriguchi, Y. et al. Impaired self-awareness and theory of mind : An fMRI study of mentalizing in alexithymia. Neuroimage 32, 1472\u20131482 (2006).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/17470910701577020","volume":"3","author":"G Silani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Silani, G. et al. Levels of emotional awareness and autism : An fMRI study. Soc. Neurosci. 3, 97\u2013112 (2008).","journal-title":"Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.01.025","volume":"50","author":"J Decety","year":"2010","unstructured":"Decety, J., Yang, C. & Cheng, Y. NeuroImage Physicians down-regulate their pain empathy response: An event-related brain potential study. Neuroimage 50, 1676\u20131682 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.01.064","volume":"40","author":"Y Cheng","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cheng, Y., Yang, C., Lin, C., Lee, P. & Decety, J. The perception of pain in others suppresses somatosensory oscillations: A magnetoencephalography study. Neuroimage 40, 1833\u20131840 (2008).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1093535","volume":"303","author":"T Singer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Singer, T. et al. Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science 303, 1157\u20131162 (2004).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamm, C., Nausbaum, H. C., Meltzoff, A. N. & Decety, J. What are you feeling? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess the modulation of sensory and affective responses during empathy for pain. PLoS One 2 (2007).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001292"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.05.081","volume":"62","author":"MJ Banissy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Banissy, M. J., Kanai, R., Walsh, V. & Rees, G. Inter-individual differences in empathy are reflected in human brain structure. Neuroimage 62, 2034\u20132039 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.05.038","volume":"117","author":"R Eres","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eres, R., Decety, J., Louis, W. R. & Molenberghs, P. Individual differences in local gray matter density are associated with differences in affective and cognitive empathy. Neuroimage 117, 305\u2013310 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00177","volume":"7","author":"I Mutschler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mutschler, I., Reinbold, C., Wankerl, J., Seifritz, E. & Ball, T. Structural basis of empathy and the domain general region in the anterior insular cortex. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7, 177 (2013).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"BFsrep43316_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84782","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084782","volume":"9","author":"Hikaru Takeuchi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Takeuchi, H. et al. Regional gray matter volume is associated with empathizing and systemizing in young adults. PLoS One 9 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2009.05.001","volume":"181","author":"SH Eriksson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Eriksson, S. H. et al. Quantitative grey matter histological measures do not correlate with grey matter probability values from in vivo MRI in the temporal lobe. J. Neurosci. Methods 181, 111\u2013118 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.09.044","volume":"103","author":"S Lorio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lorio, S. et al. Disentangling in vivo the effects of iron content and atrophy on the ageing human brain. Neuroimage 103, 280\u2013289 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorio, S. et al. Neurobiological origin of spurious brain morphological changes: A quantitative MRI study: Computational Anatomy Studies of the Brain. Hum. Brain Mapp. n\/a\u2013n\/a. doi: 10.1002\/hbm.23137 (2016).","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23137"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2009.01.006","volume":"27","author":"J Ashburner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ashburner, J. Computational anatomy with the SPM software. Magn. Reson. Imaging 27, 1163\u20131174 (2009).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000222","volume":"28","author":"N Weiskopf","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weiskopf, N., Mohammadi, S., Lutti, A. & Callaghan, M. F. Advances in MRI-based computational neuroanatomy: from morphometry to in-vivo histology. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 28, 313\u2013322 (2015).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.01.052","volume":"55","author":"B Draganski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Draganski, B. et al. Regional specificity of MRI contrast parameter changes in normal ageing revealed by voxel-based quantification (VBQ). Neuroimage 55, 1423\u20131434 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.02.008","volume":"35","author":"MF Callaghan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Callaghan, M. F. et al. Widespread age-related differences in the human brain microstructure revealed by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging. Neurobiol. Aging 35, 1862\u20131872 (2014).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.006","volume":"125","author":"S Kullmann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kullmann, S. et al. Specific white matter tissue microstructure changes associated with obesity. Neuroimage 125, 36\u201344 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70146-7","volume":"12","author":"P Freund","year":"2013","unstructured":"Freund, P. et al. MRI investigation of the sensorimotor cortex and the corticospinal tract after acute spinal cord injury: A prospective longitudinal study. Lancet Neurol. 12, 873\u2013881 (2013).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24508","volume":"78","author":"P Grabher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grabher, P. et al. Tracking sensory system atrophy and outcome prediction in spinal cord injury. Ann. Neurol. 78, 751\u2013761 (2015).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR39","unstructured":"Davis, M. H. A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Cat. Sel. Doc. Psychol. 10 (1980)."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10100495","volume":"257","author":"C Langkammer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Langkammer, C. et al. Quantitative MR Imaging of Brain Iron: A Postmortem Validation Study. Radiology 257, 455\u2013462 (2010).","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910200210","volume":"20","author":"SH Koenig","year":"1991","unstructured":"Koenig, S. H. Cholesterol of myelin is the determinant of gray-white contrast in MRI of brain. Magn. Reson. Med. 20, 285\u2013291 (1991).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21542","volume":"59","author":"G Helms","year":"2008","unstructured":"Helms, G., Dathe, H. & Dechent, P. Quantitative FLASH MRI at 3T using a rational approximation of the Ernst equation. Magn. Reson. Med. 59, 667\u2013672 (2008).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1635","volume":"8","author":"T Yarkoni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yarkoni, T., Poldrack, R. A., Nichols, T. E., Van Essen, D. C. & Wager, T. D. Large-scale automated synthesis of human functional neuroimaging data. Nat. Methods 8, 665\u2013670 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs065","volume":"23","author":"LJ Chang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chang, L. J., Yarkoni, T., Khaw, M. W. & Sanfey, A. G. Decoding the role of the insula in human cognition: Functional parcellation and large-scale reverse inference. Cereb. Cortex 23, 739\u2013749 (2013).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn059","volume":"19","author":"MD Greicius","year":"2009","unstructured":"Greicius, M. D., Supekar, K., Menon, V. & Dougherty, R. F. Resting-state functional connectivity reflects structural connectivity in the default mode network. Cereb. Cortex 19, 72\u201378 (2009).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.2.676","volume":"98","author":"ME Raichle","year":"2001","unstructured":"Raichle, M. E. et al. A default mode of brain function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 676\u2013682 (2001).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5587-06.2007","volume":"27","author":"WW Seeley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Seeley, W. W. et al. Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control. J. Neurosci. 27, 2349\u20132356 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10046","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604187103","volume":"103","author":"MD Fox","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fox, M. D., Corbetta, M., Snyder, A. Z., Vincent, J. L. & Raichle, M. E. Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 10046\u201351 (2006).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(03)00090-4","volume":"13","author":"A (Bud) Craig","year":"2003","unstructured":"(Bud) Craig, A. Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 13, 500\u2013505 (2003).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.06.005","volume":"93","author":"A Lutti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lutti, A., Dick, F., Sereno, M. I. & Weiskopf, N. Using high-resolution quantitative mapping of R1 as an index of cortical myelination. Neuroimage 93, 176\u2013188 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858410379268","volume":"17","author":"SG Shamay-Tsoory","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. The Neural Bases for Empathy.pdf. Neuroscientist 17, 18\u201324 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2006.00406.x","volume":"15","author":"J Decety","year":"2006","unstructured":"Decety, J. & Jackson, P. L. A Social-Neuroscience Perspective on Empathy. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 15, 54\u201358 (2006).","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20984","volume":"26","author":"K Schmierer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schmierer, K. et al. Quantitative magnetization transfer imaging in postmortem multiple sclerosis brain. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 26, 41\u201351 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20202","volume":"56","author":"K Schmierer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schmierer, K., Scaravilli, F., Altmann, D. R., Barker, G. J. & Miller, D. H. Magnetization transfer ratio and myelin in postmortem multiple sclerosis brain. Ann. Neurol. 56, 407\u2013415 (2004).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3390","volume":"19","author":"A Mezer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mezer, A. et al. Quantifying the local tissue volume and composition in individual brains with magnetic resonance imaging. Nat. Med. 19, 1667\u20131672 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl254","volume":"129","author":"KP Rankin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rankin, K. P. et al. Structural anatomy of empathy in neurodegenerative disease. Brain 129, 2945\u20132956 (2006).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.11.030","volume":"127","author":"M Allen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Allen, M. et al. NeuroImage Anterior insula coordinates hierarchical processing of tactile mismatch responses. Neuroimage 127, 34\u201343 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00338-4","volume":"61","author":"JF Thayer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Thayer, J. F. & Lane, R. D. A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation. J. Affect. Disord. 61, 201\u2013216 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamm, C. & Singer, T. The role of anterior insular cortex in social emotions. Brain Struct. Funct. 1\u201313. doi: 10.1007\/s00429-010-0251-3 (2010).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-010-0251-3"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.10.014","volume":"54","author":"C Lamm","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lamm, C., Decety, J. & Singer, T. Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain. Neuroimage 54, 2492\u20132502 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04271","volume":"439","author":"T Singer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Singer, T. et al. Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others. Nature 439, 466\u2013469 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR62","first-page":"268","volume":"16","author":"SB Eickhoff","year":"2006","unstructured":"Eickhoff, S. B., Amunts, K., Mohlberg, H. & Zilles, K. The human parietal operculum. II. Stereotaxic maps and correlation with functional imaging results. Cereb. Cortex 16, 268\u2013279 (2006).","journal-title":"Stereotaxic maps and correlation with functional imaging results. Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhk007","volume":"17","author":"M Frot","year":"2007","unstructured":"Frot, M., Magnin, M., Maugui\u00e8re, F. & Garcia-Larrea, L. Human SII and posterior insula differently encode thermal laser stimuli. Cereb. Cortex 17, 610\u2013620 (2007).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00021-4","volume":"81","author":"JD Greenspan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Greenspan, J. D., Lee, R. R. & Lenz, F. A. Pain sensitivity alterations as a function of lesion location in the parasylvian cortex. Pain 81, 273\u2013282 (1999).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2833","volume":"11","author":"C Keysers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Keysers, C., Kaas, J. H. & Gazzola, V. Somatosensation in social perception. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, 417\u2013428 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.07.015","volume":"44","author":"PL Jackson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jackson, P. L., Brunet, E., Meltzoff, A. N. & Decety, J. Empathy examined through the neural mechanisms involved in imagining how I feel versus how you feel pain. Neuropsychologia 44, 752\u2013761 (2006).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhl023","volume":"17","author":"Y Ogino","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ogino, Y. et al. Inner experience of pain: Imagination of pain while viewing images showing painful events forms subjective pain representation in human brain. Cereb. Cortex 17, 1139\u20131146 (2007).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10751-009-9926-7","volume":"189","author":"J Galazka-Friedman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Galazka-Friedman, J., Friedman, A. & Bauminger, E. R. Iron in the brain. Hyperfine Interact. 189, 31\u201337 (2009).","journal-title":"Hyperfine Interact"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20784","volume":"57","author":"B Todorich","year":"2009","unstructured":"Todorich, B., Pasquini, J. M., Garcia, C. I., Paez, P. M. & Connor, J. R. Oligodendrocytes and myelination: The role of iron. Glia 57, 467\u2013478 (2009).","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11689-010-9049-0","volume":"2","author":"ES Carlson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carlson, E. S. et al. Hippocampus specific iron deficiency alters competition and cooperation between developing memory systems. J. Neurodev. Disord. 2, 133\u2013143 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurodev. Disord"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.096354","volume":"139","author":"ES Carlson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carlson, E. S. et al. Iron Is Essential for Neuron Development and Memory Function in Mouse Hippocampus. J. Nutr. 139, 672\u2013679 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20128","volume":"15","author":"LA Jorgenson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jorgenson, L. A., Sun, M., O\u2019Connor, M. & Georgieff, M. K. Fetal iron deficiency disrupts the maturation of synaptic function and efficacy in area CA1 of the developing rat hippocampus. Hippocampus 15, 1094\u20131102 (2005).","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-007-9360-7","volume":"32","author":"RJ Castellani","year":"2007","unstructured":"Castellani, R. J. et al. Iron: The Redox-active Center of Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer Disease. Neurochem. Res. 32, 1640\u20131645 (2007).","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3552","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3617-15.2016","volume":"36","author":"TK Steiger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Steiger, T. K., Weiskopf, N. & Bunzeck, N. Iron Level and Myelin Content in the Ventral Striatum Predict Memory Performance in the Aging Brain. J. Neurosci. 36, 3552\u20133558 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR75","unstructured":"Knafo, A. & Uzefovksy, F. In The Infant Mind: Origins of the Social Brain (eds Legerstee, M., Hayley, D. W. & Bornstein, M. H. ) 97\u2013122 (Guilford Press, 2013)."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073911421379","volume":"4","author":"H Walter","year":"2011","unstructured":"Walter, H. Social Cognitive Neuroscience of Empathy \u2013 Concepts, circuits and genes. Emot. Rev. 4, 9\u201317 (2011).","journal-title":"Emot. Rev"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp011","volume":"132","author":"ADe Brito","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brito, A. De, Mechelli, A., Wilke, M., Laurens, K. R. & Jones, A. P. Size matters: Increased grey matter in boys with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits. Brain 132, 843\u2013852 (2009).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs347","volume":"24","author":"C Parkinson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Parkinson, C. & Wheatley, T. Relating anatomical and social connectivity: White matter microstructure predicts emotional empathy. Cereb. Cortex 24, 614\u2013625 (2014).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein, T. A., Ullsperger, M. & Danielmeier, C. Error awareness and the insula: links to neurological and psychiatric diseases. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7 (2013).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00014"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00302.x","volume":"62","author":"MH Davis","year":"1994","unstructured":"Davis, M. H., Luce, C. & Kraus, S. J. The Heritability of Characteristics Associated with Dispositional Empathy. J. Pers. 62, 369\u2013391 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR81","first-page":"95","volume":"7","author":"N Weiskopf","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weiskopf, N. et al. Quantitative multi-parameter mapping of R1, PD*, MT, and R2* at 3T: a multi-center validation. Brain Imaging Methods 7, 95 (2013).","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Methods"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22421","volume":"64","author":"A Lutti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lutti, A., Hutton, C., Finsterbusch, J., Helms, G. & Weiskopf, N. Optimization and validation of methods for mapping of the radiofrequency transmit field at 3T. Magn. Reson. Med. 64, 229\u2013238 (2010).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32379","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032379","volume":"7","author":"A Lutti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lutti, A. et al. Robust and Fast Whole Brain Mapping of the RF Transmit Field B1 at 7T. PLoS One 7, e32379 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR84","first-page":"278","volume":"8","author":"N Weiskopf","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weiskopf, N., Callaghan, M. F., Josephs, O., Lutti, A. & Mohammadi, S. Estimating the apparent transverse relaxation time (R2*) from images with different contrasts (ESTATICS) reduces motion artifacts. Brain Imaging Methods 8, 278 (2014).","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Methods"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21629","volume":"29","author":"G Helms","year":"2009","unstructured":"Helms, G. & Dechent, P. Increased SNR and reduced distortions by averaging multiple gradient echo signals in 3D FLASH imaging of the human brain at 3T. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 29, 198\u2013204 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21732","volume":"60","author":"G Helms","year":"2008","unstructured":"Helms, G., Dathe, H., Kallenberg, K. & Dechent, P. High-resolution maps of magnetization transfer with inherent correction for RF inhomogeneity and T1 relaxation obtained from 3D FLASH MRI. Magn. Reson. Med. 60, 1396\u20131407 (2008).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21776","volume":"61","author":"C Preibisch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Preibisch, C. & Deichmann, R. Influence of RF spoiling on the stability and accuracy of T 1 mapping based on spoiled FLASH with varying flip angles. Magn. Reson. Med. 61, 125\u2013135 (2009).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21969","volume":"62","author":"C Preibisch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Preibisch, C. & Deichmann, R. T1 mapping using spoiled FLASH-EPI hybrid sequences and varying flip angles. Magn. Reson. Med. 62, 240\u2013246 (2009).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR89","unstructured":"Callaghan, M. F., Malik, S. & Weiskopf, N. Rapid calculation of correction parameters to compensate for imperfect RF spoiling in quantitative R1 mapping. in International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (2015)."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20314","volume":"53","author":"SCL Deoni","year":"2005","unstructured":"Deoni, S. C. L., Peters, T. M. & Rutt, B. K. High-resolution T1 and T2 mapping of the brain in a clinically acceptable time with DESPOT1 and DESPOT2. Magn. Reson. Med. 53, 237\u2013241 (2005).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.07.007","volume":"38","author":"J Ashburner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ashburner, J. A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm. Neuroimage 38, 95\u2013113 (2007).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.03.053","volume":"47","author":"G Helms","year":"2009","unstructured":"Helms, G., Draganski, B., Frackowiak, R., Ashburner, J. & Weiskopf, N. Improved segmentation of deep brain grey matter structures using magnetization transfer (MT) parameter maps. Neuroimage 47, 194\u2013198 (2009).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1996)4:1<58::AID-HBM4>3.0.CO;2-O","volume":"4","author":"K Worsley","year":"1996","unstructured":"Worsley, K. et al. A unified statistical approach for determining significant signals in images of cerebral activation. Hum. Brain Mapp. 4, 58\u201373 (1996).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.01.003","volume":"40","author":"GR Ridgway","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ridgway, G. R. et al. Ten simple rules for reporting voxel-based morphometry studies. Neuroimage 40, 1429\u20131435 (2008).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"BFsrep43316_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, M., Wang, J. & He, Y. BrainNet Viewer: A Network Visualization Tool for Human Brain Connectomics. PLoS One 8 (2013).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068910"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep43316.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep43316","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep43316.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]],"date-time":"2022-12-24T01:09:12Z","timestamp":1671844152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep43316"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,10]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep43316"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep43316","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 May 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 January 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"43316"}}