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However, adipokines and their receptors are also expressed and regulated in other tissues, including the pituitary, suggesting that locally- and AT-produced adipokines might comprise a regulatory circuit that relevantly modulate pituitary cell-function. Here, we used primary pituitary cell-cultures from two normal nonhuman-primate species [<jats:italic>Papio-anubis\/Macaca-fascicularis<\/jats:italic>] to determine the impact of different adipokines on the functioning of all anterior-pituitary cell-types. Leptin and resistin stimulated GH-release, a response that was blocked by somatostatin. Conversely, adiponectin decreased GH-release, and inhibited GHRH-, but not ghrelin-stimulated GH-secretion. Furthermore: 1) Leptin stimulated PRL\/ACTH\/FSH- but not LH\/TSH-release; 2) adiponectin stimulated PRL-, inhibited ACTH- and did not alter LH\/FSH\/TSH-release; and 3) resistin increased ACTH-release and did not alter PRL\/LH\/FSH\/TSH-secretion. These effects were mediated through the activation of common (AC\/PKA) and distinct (PLC\/PKC, intra-\/extra-cellular calcium, PI3K\/MAPK\/mTOR) signaling-pathways, and by the gene-expression regulation of key receptors\/transcriptional-factors involved in the functioning of these pituitary cell-types (e.g. GHRH\/ghrelin\/somatostatin\/insulin\/IGF-I-receptors\/Pit-1). Finally, we found that primate pituitaries expressed leptin\/adiponectin\/resistin. Altogether, these and previous data suggest that local-production of adipokines\/receptors, in conjunction with circulating adipokine-levels, might comprise a relevant regulatory circuit that contribute to the fine-regulation of pituitary functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,28]],"date-time":"2017-03-28T14:05:30Z","timestamp":1490709930000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Adipokines (Leptin, Adiponectin, Resistin) Differentially Regulate All Hormonal Cell Types in Primary Anterior Pituitary Cell Cultures from Two Primate Species"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Sarmento-Cabral","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan R.","family":"Peinado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa C.","family":"Halliday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda M.","family":"Malagon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justo P.","family":"Casta\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhonda D.","family":"Kineman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal M.","family":"Luque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep43537_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2013.33181","volume":"9","author":"M Coelho","year":"2013","unstructured":"Coelho, M., Oliveira, T. & Fernandes, R. Biochemistry of adipose tissue: an endocrine organ. Archives of Medical Science: AMS 9, 191\u2013200, doi: 10.5114\/aoms.2013.33181 (2013).","journal-title":"Archives of Medical Science: AMS"},{"key":"BFsrep43537_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2009.08.018","volume":"316","author":"S Galic","year":"2010","unstructured":"Galic, S., Oakhill, J. S. & Steinberg, G. R. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Molecular and cellular endocrinology 316, 129\u2013139, doi: 10.1016\/j.mce.2009.08.018 (2010).","journal-title":"Molecular and cellular endocrinology"},{"key":"BFsrep43537_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2013.02.003","volume":"419","author":"VdO Leal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leal, V. d. O. & Mafra, D. Adipokines in obesity. Clinica Chimica Acta 419, 87\u201394, doi: 10.1016\/j.cca.2013.02.003 (2013).","journal-title":"Clinica Chimica Acta"},{"key":"BFsrep43537_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.14.147","volume":"7","author":"N Goncalves","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goncalves, N., Falcao-Pires, I. & Leite-Moreira, A. F. Adipokines and their receptors: potential new targets in cardiovascular diseases. Future medicinal chemistry 7, 139\u2013157, doi: 10.4155\/fmc.14.147 (2015).","journal-title":"Future medicinal chemistry"},{"key":"BFsrep43537_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.04.011","volume":"23","author":"JenniferH Stern","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stern, Jennifer H., Rutkowski, Joseph M. & Scherer, Philipp E. Adiponectin, leptin, and fatty acids in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis through adipose tissue crosstalk. 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M., Gahete, M. D., Cordoba-Chacon, J., Childs, G. V. & Kineman, R. D. Does the pituitary somatotrope play a primary role in regulating GH output in metabolic extremes? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1220, 82\u201392, doi: 10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05913.x (2011).","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"BFsrep43537_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4316","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1172","volume":"155","author":"AK Odle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Odle, A. K., Haney, A., Allensworth-James, M., Akhter, N. & Childs, G. V. Adipocyte versus pituitary leptin in the regulation of pituitary hormones: somatotropes develop normally in the absence of circulating leptin. Endocrinology 155, 4316\u20134328, doi: 10.1210\/en.2014-1172 (2014).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"BFsrep43537_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badoer, E., Kosari, S. & Stebbing, M. J. 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