{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T13:34:02Z","timestamp":1792762442675,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,9]],"date-time":"2017-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1489017600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,9]],"date-time":"2017-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1489017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The global flux of sulfur dioxide (SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) emitted by passive volcanic degassing is a key parameter that constrains the fluxes of other volcanic gases (including carbon dioxide, CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and toxic trace metals (e.g., mercury). It is also a required input for atmospheric chemistry and climate models, since it impacts the tropospheric burden of sulfate aerosol, a major climate-forcing species. Despite its significance, an inventory of passive volcanic degassing is very difficult to produce, due largely to the patchy spatial and temporal coverage of ground-based SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    measurements. We report here the first volcanic SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    emissions inventory derived from global, coincident satellite measurements, made by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASA\u2019s Aura satellite in 2005\u20132015. The OMI measurements permit estimation of SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    emissions from over 90 volcanoes, including new constraints on fluxes from Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, the Aleutian Islands, the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka. On average over the past decade, the volcanic SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    sources consistently detected from space have discharged a total of ~63\u2009kt\/day SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    during passive degassing, or ~23\u2009\u00b1\u20092\u2009Tg\/yr. We find that ~30% of the sources show significant decadal trends in SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    emissions, with positive trends observed at multiple volcanoes in some regions including Vanuatu, southern Japan, Peru and Chile.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,9]],"date-time":"2017-03-09T05:05:06Z","timestamp":1489035906000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":396,"title":["A decade of global volcanic SO2 emissions measured from space"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"S. A.","family":"Carn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. E.","family":"Fioletov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. A.","family":"McLinden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. A.","family":"Krotkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oppenheimer, C., Fischer, T. P. & Scaillet, B. Volcanic degassing: process and impact. In: Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd Ed. (eds Holland, H. D. & Turekian, K. K. ), Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 111\u2013179, doi: 10.1016\/B978-0-08-095975-7.00304-1 (2014).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-095975-7.00304-1"},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2138\/rmg.2011.73.13","volume":"73","author":"C Oppenheimer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Oppenheimer, C., Scaillet, B. & Martin, R. S. Sulfur degassing from volcanoes: Source conditions, surveillance, plume chemistry and impacts. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 73, 363\u2013421 (2011).","journal-title":"Rev. Mineral. Geochem."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2016.01.002","volume":"311","author":"SA Carn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carn, S. A., Clarisse, L. & Prata, A. J. Multi-decadal satellite measurements of global volcanic degassing. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 311, 99\u2013134, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2016.01.002 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10727","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD03265","volume":"102","author":"H-F Graf","year":"1997","unstructured":"Graf, H.-F., Feichter, J. & Langmann, B. Volcanic sulfur emissions: estimates of source strength and its contribution to the global sulfate distribution. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 10727\u201310738 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1029\/1998RG000054","volume":"38","author":"A Robock","year":"2000","unstructured":"Robock, A. Volcanic eruptions and climate. Rev. Geophys. 38, 191\u2013219 (2000).","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1080\/00039890409602947","volume":"59","author":"A Hansell","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hansell, A. & Oppenheimer, C. Health hazards from volcanic gases: A systematic literature review. Arch. Environ. Health 59(12), 628\u2013639 (2004).","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health"},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1130\/G21167.1","volume":"33","author":"BM Longo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Longo, B. M., Grunder, A., Chuan, R. & Rossignol, A. SO2 and fine aerosol dispersion from the Kilauea plume, Kau district, Hawaii, USA. Geology 33, 217\u2013220 (2005).","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-581-2012","volume":"5","author":"L Clarisse","year":"2012","unstructured":"Clarisse, L. et al. Retrieval of sulphur dioxide from the infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer (IASI). Atmos. Meas. Tech. 5, 581\u2013594, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-5-581-2012 (2012).","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech"},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5945","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-5945-2013","volume":"13","author":"N Theys","year":"2013","unstructured":"Theys, N. et al. Volcanic SO2 fluxes derived from satellite data: a survey using OMI, GOME-2, IASI and MODIS. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5945\u20135968, doi: 10.5194\/acp-13-5945-2013 (2013).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR10","unstructured":"Carn, S. A. Multi-Satellite Volcanic Sulfur Dioxide L4 Long-Term Global Database V2, version 2, Greenbelt, MD, USA, Goddard Earth Science Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC), Accessed on Jun 16, 2016, ftp:\/\/measures.gsfc.nasa.gov\/data\/s4pa\/SO2\/MSVOLSO2L4.2\/ (2015)."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2138\/rmg.2013.75.11","volume":"75","author":"MR Burton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burton, M. R., Sawyer, G. M. & Granieri, D. Deep carbon emissions from volcanoes. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 75, 323\u2013354. 10.2138\/rmg.2013.75.11 (2013).","journal-title":"Rev. Mineral. Geochem."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2003.07.011","volume":"37","author":"DM Pyle","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pyle, D. M. & Mather, T. A. The importance of volcanic emissions for the global atmospheric mercury cycle. Atmos. Env. 37, 5115\u20135124 (2003).","journal-title":"Atmos. Env"},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25251","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD02091","volume":"103","author":"RJ Andres","year":"1998","unstructured":"Andres, R. J. & Kasgnoc, A. D. A time-averaged inventory of subaerial volcanic sulfur emissions. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 25251\u201325261 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L08606","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL019568","volume":"31","author":"AJS McGonigle","year":"2004","unstructured":"McGonigle, A. J. S. et al. Sulphur dioxide fluxes from Papua New Guinea\u2019s volcanoes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L08606, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1029\/2004GL019568 (2004).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L14315","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL030405","volume":"34","author":"DR Hilton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hilton, D. R., Fischer, T. P., McGonigle, A. J. S. & de Moor, J. M. Variable SO2 emission rates for Anatahan volcano, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands: Implications for deriving arc-wide volatile fluxes from erupting volcanoes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L14315, doi: 10.1029\/2007GL030405 (2007).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-009-0293-7","volume":"71","author":"P Bani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bani, P. et al. Surge in sulfur and halogen degassing from Ambrym volcano, Vanuatu. Bull. Volcanol. 71(10), 1159\u20131168 (2009).","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D05304","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD011823","volume":"115","author":"B Galle","year":"2010","unstructured":"Galle, B. et al. Network for observation of volcanic and atmospheric change (NOVAC)\u2014a global network for volcanic gas monitoring: network layout and instrument description. J. Geophys. Res. 115, D05304, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1029\/2009JD011823 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.872333","volume":"44","author":"PF Levelt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Levelt, P. F. et al. The Ozone Monitoring Instrument. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 44(5), 1093\u20131101, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109\/TGRS.2006.872333 (2006).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C. et al. New-generation NASA Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) volcanic SO2 dataset: Algorithm description, initial results, and continuation with the Suomi-NPP Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS). Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss.doi: 10.5194\/amt-2016-221, in review (2016).","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-2016-221"},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D00L08","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD013492","volume":"115","author":"E Spinei","year":"2010","unstructured":"Spinei, E. et al. Validation of Ozone Monitoring Instrument SO2 measurements in the Okmok volcanic cloud over Pullman, WA, July 2008. J. Geophys. Res. 115, D00L08, doi: 10.1029\/2009JD013492 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1126\/science.220.4604.1377","volume":"220","author":"AJ Krueger","year":"1983","unstructured":"Krueger, A. J. Sighting of El Chich\u00f3n sulfur dioxide clouds with the Nimbus 7 total ozone mapping spectrometer. Science 220, 1377\u20131379 (1983).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/366327a0","volume":"366","author":"GJS Bluth","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bluth, G. J. S., Schnetzler, C. C., Krueger, A. J. & Walter, L. S. The contribution of explosive volcanism to global atmospheric sulfur dioxide concentrations. Nature 366, 327\u2013329 (1993).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.029","volume":"176","author":"SA Carn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carn, S. A., Krueger, A. J., Krotkov, N. A., Arellano, S. & Yang, K. Daily monitoring of Ecuadorian volcanic degassing from space. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 176(1), 141\u2013150 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-012-0631-z","volume":"74","author":"R Campion","year":"2012","unstructured":"Campion, R. et al. Space- and ground-based measurements of sulfur dioxide emissions from Turrialba volcano (Costa Rica). Bull. Volcanol. 74(7), 1757\u20131770 (2012).","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carn, S. A., Krotkov, N. A., Yang, K. & Krueger, A. J. Measuring global volcanic degassing with the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). In: Pyle, D. M., Mather, T. A. & Biggs, J. (Eds), Remote Sensing of Volcanoes and Volcanic Processes: Integrating Observation and Modeling. Geol. Soc. Lon, Special Publications 380, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1144\/SP380.12 (2013).","DOI":"10.1144\/SP380.12"},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L21811","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL049402","volume":"38","author":"VE Fioletov","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fioletov, V. E., McLinden, C. A., Krotkov, N., Moran, M. D. & Yang, K. Estimation of SO2 emissions using OMI retrievals. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L21811, doi: 10.1029\/2011GL049402 (2011).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11399","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50826","volume":"118","author":"VE Fioletov","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fioletov, V. E. et al. Application of OMI, SCIAMACHY, and GOME-2 satellite SO2 retrievals for detection of large emission sources. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 118, 11399\u201311418, doi: 10.1002\/jgrd.50826 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos"},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL063148","volume":"42","author":"VE Fioletov","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fioletov, V. E., McLinden, C. A., Krotkov, N. A. & Li, C. Lifetimes and emissions of SO2 from point sources estimated from OMI. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 1\u20138, doi: 10.1002\/2015GL063148 (2015).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11497","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-11497-2016","volume":"16","author":"VE Fioletov","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fioletov, V. E. et al. A global catalogue of large SO2 sources and emissions derived from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16, 11497\u201311519, doi: 10.5194\/acp-16-11497-2016 (2016).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1038\/NGEO2724","volume":"9","author":"CA McLinden","year":"2016","unstructured":"McLinden, C. A. et al. Space-based detection of missing SO2 sources of global air pollution. Nat. Geosci. 9, 496\u2013500, doi: 10.1038\/NGEO2724 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2013.10.007","volume":"268","author":"H Shinohara","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shinohara, H. Volatile flux from subduction zone volcanoes: Insights from a detailed evaluation of the fluxes from volcanoes in Japan. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 268, 46\u201363, doi: 10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2013.10.007 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Joiner, J., Krotkov, N. A. & Bhartia, P. K. A fast and sensitive new satellite SO2 retrieval algorithm based on principal component analysis: application to the ozone monitoring instrument. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, doi: 10.1002\/2013GL058134 (2013).","DOI":"10.1002\/2013GL058134"},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8309","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-8309-2014","volume":"14","author":"S Beirle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beirle, S. et al. Estimating the volcanic emission rate and atmospheric lifetime of SO2 from space: a case study for Kilauea volcano, Hawai\u2019i. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 8309\u20138322, doi: 10.5194\/acp-14-8309-2014 (2014).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR34","unstructured":"Melnikov, D., Malik, N., Kotenko, T., Inguaggiato, S. & Zelenski, M. A new estimate of gas emissions from Ebeko volcano, Kurile Islands. Goldschmidt Conference Abstracts, Yokohama, Japan (2016)."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7485","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL061808","volume":"41","author":"R Campion","year":"2014","unstructured":"Campion, R. New lava lake at Nyamuragira volcano revealed by combined ASTER and OMI SO2 measurements. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41, 7485\u20137492, doi: 10.1002\/2014GL061808 (2014).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2011.10.005","volume":"211\u2013212","author":"P Bani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bani, P. et al. First arc-scale volcanic SO2 budget for the Vanuatu archipelago. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 211\u2013212, 36\u201346, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2011.10.005 (2012).","journal-title":"Volcanol. Geotherm. Res"},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D20302","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JD017936","volume":"117","author":"C Kern","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kern, C. et al. Improving the accuracy of SO2 column densities and emission rates obtained from upward-looking UV-spectroscopic measurements of volcanic plumes by taking realistic radiative transfer into account. J. Geophys. Res. 117, D20302, doi: 10.1029\/2012JD017936 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3133\/pp18017","volume":"1801","author":"AJ Sutton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sutton, A. J. & Elias, T. One hundred volatile years of volcanic gas studies at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. In: Characteristics of Hawaiian Volcanoes, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1801, edited by Poland, M. P., Landowski, C. M. & Takahashi, T. J., pp. 295\u2013320, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, doi: 10.3133\/pp18017 (2014).","journal-title":"U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap"},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, A. et al. Satellite detection, long-range transport, and air quality impacts of volcanic sulfur dioxide from the 2014\u20132015 flood lava eruption at B\u00e1r\u00f0arbunga (Iceland). J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 120, doi: 10.1002\/2015JD023638 (2015).","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023638"},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-13-2399-2013","volume":"13","author":"P Bani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bani, P., Surono, Hendrasto, M., Gunawan, H. & Primulyana, S. Sulfur dioxide emissions from Papandayan and Bromo, two Indonesian volcanoes. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 13, 2399\u20132407, doi: 10.5194\/nhess-13-2399-2013 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2015.09.008","volume":"304","author":"A Aiuppa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aiuppa, A. et al. First determination of magma-derived gas emissions from Bromo volcano, eastern Java (Indonesia). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 304, 206\u2013213 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2015.07.008","volume":"302","author":"P Bani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bani, P. et al. First measurement of the volcanic gas output from Anak Krakatau, Indonesia. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 302, 237\u2013241, doi: 10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2015.07.008 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2014.06.011","volume":"282","author":"UB Saing","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saing, U. B., Bani, P. & Kristianto . Ibu volcano, a center of spectacular dacite dome growth and long-term continuous eruptive discharges. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 282, 36\u201342, doi: 10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2014.06.011 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res"},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2015.01.006","volume":"300","author":"J-F Smekens","year":"2015","unstructured":"Smekens, J.-F., Clarke, A. B., Burton, M. R., Harijoko, A. & Wibowo, H. E. SO2 emissions at Semeru volcano, Indonesia: Characterization and quantification of persistent and periodic explosive activity. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 300, 121\u2013128, doi: 10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2015.01.006 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s004450050139","volume":"58","author":"S Self","year":"1996","unstructured":"Self, S. & King, A. J. Petrology and sulfur and chlorine emissions of the 1963 eruption of Gunung Agung, Bali, Indonesia. Bull. Volcanol. 58, 263\u2013285 (1996).","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34868","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34868","volume":"6","author":"CM Vidal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vidal, C. M. et al. The 1257 Samalas eruption (Lombok, Indonesia): the single greatest stratospheric gas release of the Common Era. Sci. Rep. 6, 34868, doi: 10.1038\/srep34868 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL020925","volume":"31","author":"S Self","year":"2004","unstructured":"Self, S. Magma volume, volatile emissions, and stratospheric aerosols from the 1815 eruption of Tambora. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, 10\u201313 (2004).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8662","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50591","volume":"118","author":"T Mori","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mori, T. et al. Time-averaged SO2 fluxes of subduction-zone volcanoes: Example of a 32-year exhaustive survey for Japanese volcanoes. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 118, 8662\u20138674, doi: 10.1002\/jgrd.50591 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos"},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1995)023<0933:MCDEFO>2.3.CO;2","volume":"23","author":"SL Brantley","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brantley, S. L. & Koepenick, K. W. Measured carbon dioxide emissions from Oldoinyo Lengai and the skewed distribution of passive volcanic fluxes. Geology 23, 933\u2013936 (1995).","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1219485","volume":"335","author":"RSJ Sparks","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sparks, R. S. J., Biggs, J. & Neuberg, J. W. Monitoring volcanoes. Science 335, 1310, doi: 10.1126\/science.1219485 (2012).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32691","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32691","volume":"6","author":"Hickey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hickey, Gottsmann, J. J., Nakamichi, H. & Iguchi, M. Thermomechanical controls on magma supply and volcanic deformation: application to Aira caldera, Japan. Sci. Rep. 6, 32691, doi: 10.1038\/srep32691 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2014.03.046","volume":"395","author":"J Jay","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jay, J. et al. Locating magma reservoirs using InSAR and petrology before and during the 2011\u20132012 Cord\u00f3n Caulle silicic eruption. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 395, 254\u2013266 (2014).","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Global Volcanism Program. Report on Asosan (Japan). In: Wunderman, R. (ed.) Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network 40(2), Smithsonian Institution (2015).","DOI":"10.5479\/si.GVP.BGVN201502-282110"},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1414","volume":"5","author":"C Pagli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pagli, C. et al. Shallow axial magma chamber at the slow-spreading Erta Ale Ridge. Nat. Geosci. 5, 284\u2013287, doi: 10.1038\/ngeo1414 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4961","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL060653","volume":"41","author":"G Tamburello","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tamburello, G., Hansteen, T. H., Bredemeyer, S., Aiuppa, A. & Tassi, F. Gas emissions from five volcanoes in northern Chile and implications for the volatiles budget of the Central Volcanic Zone. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41, 4961\u20134969, doi: 10.1002\/2014GL060653 (2014).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2014.12.021","volume":"300","author":"K Stebel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stebel, K., Amigo, A., Thomas, H. & Prata, A. J. First estimates of fumarolic SO2 fluxes from Putana volcano, Chile, using an ultraviolet imaging camera. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 300, 112\u2013120 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2138\/rmg.2013.75.1","volume":"75","author":"RM Hazen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hazen, R. M. & Schiffries, C. M. Why deep carbon. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 75, 1\u20136, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2138\/rmg.2013.75.1 (2013).","journal-title":"Rev. Mineral. Geochem."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L24302","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL035871","volume":"35","author":"A Aiuppa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aiuppa, A. et al. Total volatile flux from Mount Etna. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L24302, doi: 10.1029\/2008GL035871 (2008).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6655","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-6655-2008","volume":"8","author":"M Grutter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grutter, M. et al. SO2 emissions from Popocat\u00e9petl volcano: emission rates and plume imaging using optical remote sensing techniques. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8, 6655\u20136663, doi: 10.5194\/acp-8-6655-2008 (2008).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2012.04.012","volume":"259","author":"CA Werner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Werner, C. A. et al. Degassing of CO2, SO2, and H2S associated with the 2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska, 1989\u20132006. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 259, 270\u2013284 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep44095_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-011-0453-4","volume":"73","author":"CA Werner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Werner, C. A., Doukas, M. P. & Kelly, P. J. Gas emissions from failed and actual eruptions from Cook Inlet Volcanoes, Alaska, 1989\u20132006. Bull. Volcanol. 73(2), 155\u2013173 (2011).","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep44095","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep44095.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep44095.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T13:45:34Z","timestamp":1671803134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep44095"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,9]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,26]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep44095"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep44095","relation":{"has-part":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-23-10533-2023","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5194\/acp-21-11379-2021","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 November 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 February 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"44095"}}