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Phylogenetic reconstructions using combined molecular analyses and comparative whole genome analysis of the most diverse of the bullfrog strains verified affiliation with the genus <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> and placed the isolates in a cluster containing <jats:italic>B. inopinata<\/jats:italic> and the other non-classical <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> species but also revealed significant genetic differences within the group. Four representative but molecularly and phenotypically diverse strains were used for <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> infection experiments. All readily multiplied in macrophage-like murine J774-cells, and their overall intramacrophagic growth rate was comparable to that of <jats:italic>B. inopinata<\/jats:italic> BO1 and slightly higher than that of <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic> CCM 4915. In the BALB\/c murine model of infection these strains replicated in both spleen and liver, but were less efficient than <jats:italic>B. suis<\/jats:italic> 1330. Some strains survived in the mammalian host for up to 12 weeks. The heterogeneity of these novel strains hampers a single species description but their phenotypic and genetic features suggest that they represent an evolutionary link between a soil-associated ancestor and the mammalian host-adapted pathogenic <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,16]],"date-time":"2017-03-16T10:03:01Z","timestamp":1489658581000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Brucella spp. of amphibians comprise genomically diverse motile strains competent for replication in macrophages and survival in mammalian hosts"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Sascha","family":"Al Dahouk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"K\u00f6hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Occhialini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Pilar","family":"Jim\u00e9nez de Bag\u00fc\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens Andre","family":"Hammerl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Eisenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Vergnaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Cloeckaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel S.","family":"Zygmunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian M.","family":"Whatmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Falk","family":"Melzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin P.","family":"Drees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey T.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice R.","family":"Wattam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger C.","family":"Scholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep44420_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.000998","volume":"66","author":"HC Scholz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Scholz, H. 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