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Regions D and D\u2019 contain an intact gene encoding a UDP-galactose epimerase (<jats:italic>galE1<\/jats:italic>) and a truncated remnant (<jats:italic>galE2<\/jats:italic>), respectively. In this study, GalE protein alleles were shown to be either mono-functional, synthesising UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal), or bi-functional, synthesising UDP-Gal and UDP-galactosamine (UDP-GalNAc). Meningococci possessing a capsule null locus (<jats:italic>cnl<\/jats:italic>) typically possessed a single bi-functional <jats:italic>galE<\/jats:italic>. Separation of functionality between <jats:italic>galE1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>galE2<\/jats:italic> alleles in meningococcal isolates was retained for all serogroups except serogroup E which has a synthetic requirement for UDP-GalNAc. The truncated <jats:italic>galE2<\/jats:italic> remnant in Region D\u2019 was also phylogenetically related to the bi-functional <jats:italic>galE<\/jats:italic> of the <jats:italic>cnl<\/jats:italic> locus suggesting common ancestry. A model is proposed in which the illegitimate recombination of the <jats:italic>cps<\/jats:italic> island into the <jats:italic>galE<\/jats:italic> allele of the <jats:italic>cnl<\/jats:italic> locus results in the formation of Region D\u2019 containing the truncated <jats:italic>galE2<\/jats:italic> locus and the capture of the <jats:italic>cps<\/jats:italic> island en bloc. The retention of the duplicated Regions D and D\u2019 enables inversion of the synthetic locus within the <jats:italic>cps<\/jats:italic> island during bacterial growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,14]],"date-time":"2017-03-14T10:35:33Z","timestamp":1489487733000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Acquisition of the capsule locus by horizontal gene transfer in Neisseria meningitidis is often accompanied by the loss of UDP-GalNAc synthesis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Stephanie N.","family":"Bartley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakeel","family":"Mowlaboccus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Mullally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith A.","family":"Stubbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Vrielink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin C. 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