{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:37:34Z","timestamp":1790008654303,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,24]],"date-time":"2017-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1490313600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,24]],"date-time":"2017-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1490313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>High-rate squeezing process of bulk metallic glasses from a cylinder into an intact sheet achieved by impact loading is investigated. Such a large deformation is caused by plastic flow, accompanied with geometrical confinement, shear banding\/slipping, thermo softening, melting and joining. Temperature rise during the high-rate squeezing process makes a main effect. The inherent mechanisms are illustrated. Like high-pressure torsion (HPT), equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and surface mechanical attrition treatments (SMAT) for refining grain of metals, High-Rate Squeezing (HRS), as a multiple-functions technique, not only creates a new road of processing metallic glasses and other metallic alloys for developing advanced materials, but also directs a novel technology of processing, grain refining, coating, welding and so on for treating materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,24]],"date-time":"2017-03-24T10:17:07Z","timestamp":1490350627000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["High-rate squeezing process of bulk metallic glasses"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Jitang","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1126\/science.267.5206.1947","volume":"267","author":"AL Greer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Greer, A. L. Metallic glasses. Science 267, 1947\u20131953 (1995).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2004.03.001","volume":"44","author":"WH Wang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang, W. H., Dong, C. & Shek, C. H. Bulk metallic glasses. Mater. Sci. Eng. R 44, 45\u201389 (2004).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R"},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2007.01.052","volume":"55","author":"CA Schuh","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schuh, C. A., Hufnagel, T. C. & Ramamurty, U. Overview No. 144 - Mechanical behavior of amorphous alloys. Acta Mater. 55, 4067\u20134109 (2007).","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2005.09.051","volume":"54","author":"MF Ashby","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ashby, M. F. & Greer, A. L. Metallic glasses as structural materials. Scripta Mater. 54, 321\u2013326 (2006).","journal-title":"Scripta Mater."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255506","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.93.255506","volume":"93","author":"J Schroers","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schroers, J. & Johnson, W. L. Ductile bulk metallic glass. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 255506 (2004).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06598","volume":"451","author":"DC Hofmann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hofmann, D. C. et al. Designing metallic glass matrix composites with high toughness and tensile ductility. Nature 451, 1085\u20131090 (2008).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2013.04.001","volume":"74","author":"AL Greer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Greer, A. L., Cheng, Y. Q. & Ma, E. Shear bands in metallic glasses. Mater. Sci. Eng. R 74, 71\u2013132 (2013).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R"},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.94.205501","volume":"94","author":"J Das","year":"2005","unstructured":"Das, J. et al. \u201cWork-hardenable\u201d ductile bulk metallic glass. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 205501 (2005).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1557\/mrs2007.125","volume":"32","author":"AR Yavari","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yavari, A. R., Lewandowski, J. J. & Eckert, J. Mechanical properties of bulk metallic glasses. MRS Bull. 32, 635\u2013638 (2007).","journal-title":"MRS Bull."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1536","volume":"5","author":"JJ Lewandowski","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lewandowski, J. J. & Greer, A. L. Temperature rise at shear bands in metallic glasses. Nat. Mater. 5, 15\u201318 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105503","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.96.105503","volume":"96","author":"H Bei","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bei, H., Xie, S. & George, E. P. Softening caused by profuse shear banding in a bulk metallic glass. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 105503 (2006).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2015.10.125","volume":"651","author":"JG Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, J. G. et al. How hot is a shear band in a metallic glass? Mater. Sci. Eng. A 651, 321\u2013331 (2016).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2009.06.013","volume":"57","author":"WJ Wright","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wright, W. J., Samale, M. W., Hufnagel, T. C., LeBlanc, M. M. & Florando, J. N. Studies of shear band velocity using spatially and temporally resolved measurements of strain during quasistatic compression of a bulk metallic glass. Acta Mater. 57, 4639\u20134648 (2009).","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241920","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4811744","volume":"102","author":"WJ Wright","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wright, W. J., Byer, R. R. & Gu, X. J. High-speed imaging of a bulk metallic glass during uniaxial compression. Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 241920 (2013).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2016.02.007","volume":"96","author":"GN Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang, G. N., Shao, Y. & Yao, K. F. The material-dependence of plasticity in metallic glasses: An origin from shear band thermology. Mater. Des. 96, 189\u2013194 (2016).","journal-title":"Mater. Des"},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200902776","volume":"22","author":"J Schroers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schroers, J. Processing of bulk metallic glass. Adv. Mater. 22, 1566\u20131597 (2010).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201362","volume":"332","author":"WL Johnson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Johnson, W. L. et al. Beating crystallization in glass-forming metals by millisecond heating and processing. Science 332, 828\u2013833 (2011).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4272","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200700969","volume":"19","author":"G Duan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Duan, G. et al. Bulk metallic glass with benchmark thermoplastic processability. Adv. Mater. 19, 4272\u20134275 (2007).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6462(00)00524-8","volume":"43","author":"Z Bian","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bian, Z., He, G. & Chen, G. L. Microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10Ti5 bulky glass alloy. Scripta Mater. 43, 1003\u20131008 (2000).","journal-title":"Scripta Mater."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-743X(96)00038-3","volume":"19","author":"H Zhao","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zhao, H., Gary, G. & Klepaczko, J. R. On the use of a viscoelastic split Hopkinson pressure bar. Int. J. Impact Eng. 19, 319\u2013330 (1997).","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3429","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6454(03)00164-2","volume":"51","author":"J Lu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lu, J., Ravichandran, G. & Johnson, W. L. Deformation behavior of the Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 bulk metallic glass over a wide range of strain-rates and temperatures. Acta Mater. 51, 3429\u20133443 (2003).","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02411056","volume":"42","author":"DJ Frew","year":"2002","unstructured":"Frew, D. J., Forrestal, M. J. & Chen, W. Pulse shaping techniques for testing brittle materials with a split Hopkinson pressure bar. Exp. Mech. 42, 93\u2013106 (2002).","journal-title":"Exp. Mech."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2004.03.005","volume":"30","author":"JE Field","year":"2004","unstructured":"Field, J. E., Walley, S. M., Proud, W. G., Goldrein, H. T. & Siviour, C. R. Review of experimental techniques for high rate deformation and shock studies. Int. J. Impact Eng. 30, 725\u2013775 (2004).","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijplas.2010.08.004","volume":"27","author":"FF Wu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wu, F. F., Zheng, W., Wu, S. D., Zhang, Z. F. & Shen, J. Shear stability of metallic glasses. Int. J. Plasticity 27, 560\u2013575 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Plasticity"},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2008.11.018","volume":"57","author":"Z Han","year":"2009","unstructured":"Han, Z., Wu, W. F., Li, Y., Wei, Y. J. & Gao, H. J. An instability index of shear band for plasticity in metallic glasses. Acta Mater. 57, 1367\u20131372 (2009).","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1136726","volume":"315","author":"YH Liu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Liu, Y. H. et al. Super plastic bulk metallic glasses at room temperature. Science 315, 1385\u20131388 (2007).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.2007.0351","volume":"22","author":"WH Jiang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jiang, W. H. et al. Strain-rate dependence of hardening and softening in compression of a bulk-metallic glass. J. Mater. Res. 22, 2655\u20132658 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141916","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2067691","volume":"87","author":"LH Dai","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dai, L. H., Yan, M., Liu, L. F. & Bai, Y. L. Adiabatic shear banding instability in bulk metallic glasses. Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 141916 (2005).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144201","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.81.144201","volume":"81","author":"B Arman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arman, B., Luo, S. N., Germann, T. C. & Cagin, T. Dynamic response of Cu46Zr54 metallic glass to high-strain-rate shock loading: Plasticity, spall, and atomic-level structures. Phys. Rev. B 81, 144201 (2010).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.2010.0176","volume":"25","author":"WD Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu, W. D., Liu, K. X., Xia, X. X. & Wang, W. H. The failure stress of bulk metallic glasses under very high strain rate. J. Mater. Res. 25, 1230\u20131234 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.2008.0217","volume":"23","author":"RQ Yang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yang, R. Q., Fan, J. T., Li, S. X. & Zhang, Z. F. Fracture behavior of Zr55Cu30Al10Ni5 bulk metallic glass under quasi-static and dynamic compression. J. Mater. Res. 23, 1744\u20131750 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"043519","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2771043","volume":"102","author":"H Zhang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Subhash, G. & Maiti, S. Local heating and viscosity drop during shear band evolution in bulk metallic glasses under quasistatic loading. J. Appl. Phys. 102, 043519 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1080\/14786435.2016.1229063","volume":"96","author":"JG Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, J. G. et al. Ideal shear banding in metallic glass. Philo. Mag. 96, 3159\u20133176 (2016).","journal-title":"Philo. Mag"},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2007.12.029","volume":"56","author":"DTA Matthews","year":"2008","unstructured":"Matthews, D. T. A., Ocelik, V., Bronsveld, P. M. & De Hosson J. T. M. An electron microscopy appraisal of tensile fracture in metallic glasses. Acta Mater. 56, 1762\u20131773 (2008).","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2014.10.027","volume":"97","author":"MQ Jiang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jiang, M. Q., Huang, B. M., Jiang, Z. J., Lu, C. & Dai, L. H. Joining of bulk metallic glass to brass by thick-walled cylinder explosion. Scripta Mater. 97, 17\u201320 (2015).","journal-title":"Scripta Mater."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2008.03.002","volume":"53","author":"AP Zhilyaev","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhilyaev, A. P. & Langdon, T. G. Using high-pressure torsion for metal processing: Fundamentals and applications. Prog. Mater. Sci. 53, 893\u2013979 (2008).","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6454(97)00494-1","volume":"46","author":"Y Iwahashi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Iwahashi, Y., Horita, Z., Nemoto, M. & Langdon, T. G. The process of grain refinement in equal-channel angular pressing. Acta Mater. 46, 3317\u20133331 (1998).","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2003.10.261","volume":"375","author":"K Lu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lu, K. & Lu, J. Nanostructured surface layer on metallic materials induced by surface mechanical attrition treatment. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 375, 38\u201345 (2004).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/367541a0","volume":"367","author":"H Chen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Chen, H., He, Y., Shiflet, G. J. & Poon, S. J. Deformation-induced nanocrystal formation in shear bands of amorphous alloys. Nature 367, 541\u2013543 (1994).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2013.08.053","volume":"62","author":"W Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen, W., Liu, Z. & Schroers, J. Joining of bulk metallic glasses in air. Acta Mater. 62, 49\u201357 (2014).","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2015.11.057","volume":"105","author":"Z Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, Z. et al. 3D metallic glass cellular structures. Acta Mater. 105, 35\u201343 (2016).","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR42","unstructured":"Walter, W. P. & Zukas, J. A. Fundamental of shaped charges. Book (ISBN 0471621722) John Wiley & Sons (New York), 398 (1989)."},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07718","volume":"457","author":"G Kumar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kumar, G., Tang, H. X. & Schroers, J. Nanomoulding with amorphous metals. Nature 457, 868\u2013872 (2009).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFsrep45051_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145301","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/26\/14\/145301","volume":"26","author":"Z Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu, Z. & Schroers, J. General nanomoulding with bulk metallic glasses. Nanotechnology 26, 145301 (2015).","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep45051.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep45051","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/srep45051","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep45051.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T23:34:55Z","timestamp":1671838495000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep45051"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,24]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,18]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep45051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep45051","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 October 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The author declares no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"45051"}}