{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T02:59:45Z","timestamp":1785466785394,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,24]],"date-time":"2017-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1490313600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,24]],"date-time":"2017-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1490313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pterygium is a very common disease in an eye clinic characterized by a benign proliferation of local conjunctiva that often crosses the limber of cornea and extends into corneal surface. Variety of studies has showed that pterygium is able to result in ocular discomfort and the change of ocular surface environment, such as dry eye. However, the link between abnormal tear film function and pterygium is controversial. Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a common cause of dry eye and ocular discomfort but is often neglected, which may be the missing link between dry eye and pterygium. In this study, our data firstly revealed increased abnormality of meibomian gland structure and function in pterygium patients, representing with increased abnormality of MGD parameters such as meibum expression (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and meibomian gland loss (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Besides, the scores of MGD severity in patients with progressive pterygium were higher than those in patients with resting pterygium. The correlation between MGD parameters and ocular discomfort as well as dry eye indexes is also established. These findings suggest that MGD correlates to the tear film instability and ocular discomfort in patients with pterygium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,24]],"date-time":"2017-03-24T10:20:20Z","timestamp":1490350820000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Meibomian Gland Dysfunction Correlates to the Tear Film Instability and Ocular Discomfort in Patients with Pterygium"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Huping","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhirong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xie","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuo","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunrong","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xumin","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuguo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep45115_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.02.002","volume":"23","author":"N Di Girolamo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Di Girolamo, N., Chui, J., Coroneo, M. T. & Wakefield, D. Pathogenesis of pterygia: role of cytokines, growth factors, and matrix metalloproteinases. Prog Retin Eye Res 23, 195\u2013228 (2004).","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"BFsrep45115_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000221","volume":"33","author":"M Ozsutcu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ozsutcu, M. et al. Tear osmolarity and tear film parameters in patients with unilateral pterygium. Cornea 33, 1174\u20131178 (2014).","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"BFsrep45115_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863498","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/863498","volume":"2013","author":"K Turkyilmaz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Turkyilmaz, K. et al. Effect of pterygium surgery on tear osmolarity. Journal of ophthalmology 2013, 863498, 10.1155\/2013\/863498 (2013).","journal-title":"Journal of ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFsrep45115_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3126\/nepjoph.v5i1.7816","volume":"5","author":"N Roka","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roka, N., Shrestha, S. P. & Joshi, N. D. Assessment of tear secretion and tear film instability in cases with pterygium and normal subjects. Nepal J Ophthalmol 5, 16\u201323 (2013).","journal-title":"Nepal J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"BFsrep45115_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318259c934","volume":"31","author":"G Julio","year":"2012","unstructured":"Julio, G., Lluch, S., Pujol, P., Alonso, S. & Merindano, D. Tear osmolarity and ocular changes in pterygium. Cornea 31, 1417\u20131421 (2012).","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"BFsrep45115_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1159\/000050859","volume":"215","author":"A Ergin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ergin, A. & Bozdogan, O. Study on tear function abnormality in pterygium. Ophthalmologica 215, 204\u2013208 (2001).","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"BFsrep45115_CR7","first-page":"422","volume":"49","author":"N Dong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dong, N., Wu, H. P., Li, C., Li, W. & Liu, Z. G. Abnormal epithelial differentiation and tear film alteration in pterygium. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 49, 422\u2013427 (2013).","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"BFsrep45115_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200201000-00009","volume":"21","author":"CM Chan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chan, C. M., Liu, Y. P. & Tan, D. T. Ocular surface changes in pterygium. Cornea 21, 38\u201342 (2002).","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"BFsrep45115_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.06.064","volume":"119","author":"GN Foulks","year":"2012","unstructured":"Foulks, G. N. et al. Improving awareness, identification, and management of meibomian gland dysfunction. Ophthalmology 119, S1\u201312 (2012).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFsrep45115_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997c","volume":"52","author":"E Knop","year":"2011","unstructured":"Knop, E., Knop, N., Millar, T., Obata, H. & Sullivan, D. A. The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the subcommittee on anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the meibomian gland. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52, 1938\u20131978 (2011).","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFsrep45115_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997b","volume":"52","author":"JD Nelson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nelson, J. D. et al. The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the definition and classification subcommittee. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52, 1930\u20131937 (2011).","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFsrep45115_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997e","volume":"52","author":"DA Schaumberg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schaumberg, D. A. et al. The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the subcommittee on the epidemiology of, and associated risk factors for, MGD. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52, 1994\u20132005 (2011).","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFsrep45115_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105575","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105575","volume":"9","author":"H Wu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wu, H. et al. Meibomian gland dysfunction determines the severity of the dry eye conditions in visual display terminal workers. PLoS One 9, e105575; 10.1371\/journal.pone.0105575 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFsrep45115_CR14","first-page":"1214","volume":"62","author":"A Rahman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rahman, A., Yahya, K., Fasih, U., Waqar ul, H. & Shaikh, A. Comparison of Schirmer\u2019s test and tear film breakup time test to detect tear film abnormalities in patients with pterygium. J Pak Med Assoc 62, 1214\u20131216 (2012).","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"BFsrep45115_CR15","first-page":"536","volume":"97","author":"K Kampitak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kampitak, K. & Leelawongtawun, W. Precorneal tear film in pterygium eye. J Med Assoc Thai 97, 536\u2013539 (2014).","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"BFsrep45115_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1159\/000050860","volume":"215","author":"M Ishioka","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ishioka, M., Shimmura, S., Yagi, Y. & Tsubota, K. Pterygium and dry eye. Ophthalmologica 215, 209\u2013211 (2001).","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"BFsrep45115_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997f","volume":"52","author":"A Tomlinson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tomlinson, A. et al. The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the diagnosis subcommittee. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52, 2006\u20132049 (2011).","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"BFsrep45115_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.06.031","volume":"115","author":"R Arita","year":"2008","unstructured":"Arita, R., Itoh, K., Inoue, K. & Amano, S. Noncontact infrared meibography to document age-related changes of the meibomian glands in a normal population. Ophthalmology 115, 911\u2013915 (2008).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"BFsrep45115_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1991.65","volume":"5","author":"AJ Bron","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bron, A. J., Benjamin, L. & Snibson, G. R. Meibomian gland disease. Classification and grading of lid changes. Eye (Lond) 5, 395\u2013411 (1991).","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"BFsrep45115_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000065","volume":"41","author":"R Nejima","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nejima, R. et al. Topographic changes after excision surgery of primary pterygia and the effect of pterygium size on topograpic restoration. Eye Contact Lens 41, 58\u201363 (2015).","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep45115.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep45115","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/srep45115","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep45115.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]],"date-time":"2022-12-24T00:09:21Z","timestamp":1671840561000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep45115"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,24]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,18]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep45115"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep45115","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 November 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"45115"}}