{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T23:40:08Z","timestamp":1788997208376,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]],"date-time":"2017-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]],"date-time":"2017-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of the study was to examine the effects of a brief stage-matched smoking cessation intervention group compared with a control group (with usual care) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients who smoked by randomized controlled trial. There were 557 patients, randomized either into the intervention group (n\u2009=\u2009283) who received brief (20- minute) individualized face-to-face counseling by trained nurses and a diabetes mellitus-specific leaflet, or a control group (n\u2009=\u2009274) who received standard care. Patient follow-ups were at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months via telephone, and assessment of smoking status from 2012 to 2014. Patients smoked an average of 14 cigarettes per day for more than 37 years, and more than 70% were in the precontemplation stage of quitting. The primary outcome showed that both the intervention and control groups had similar 7-day point-prevalence smoking abstinence (9.2% vs. 13.9%; p\u2009=\u20090.08). The secondary outcome showed that HbA1c levels with 7.95% [63\u2009mmol\/mol] vs. 8.05% [64\u2009mmol\/mol], p\u2009=\u20090.49 at 12 months, respectively. There was no evidence for effectiveness in promoting the brief stage-matched smoking cessation or improving glycemic control in smokers with type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly those in the pre-contemplation stage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]],"date-time":"2017-04-05T07:31:02Z","timestamp":1491377462000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Brief intervention to promote smoking cessation and improve glycemic control in smokers with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"William H. C.","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. P.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. H.","family":"LAM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannes T. Y.","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek Y. T.","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y. N.","family":"Suen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. Y.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn C. B.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia S. C.","family":"CHAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.10.029","volume":"94","author":"L Whiting, Guariguata","year":"2011","unstructured":"Whiting, Guariguata, L ., Weil, C & Shaw, J. IDF diabetes atlas: Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 94, 311\u201321 (2011).","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR2","unstructured":"Census and Statistics Department Hong Kong. Thematic Household Survey, Report No. 50: Health status of Hong Kong residentshttp:\/\/www.digital21.gov.hk\/eng\/statistics\/download\/householdreport2013.pdf (2013) (Data of access 11\/9\/2016)."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.77.906.240","volume":"77","author":"G Ko","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ko, G. Smoking and diabetes in Chinese men. Postgrad. Med. J. 77, 240\u2013243 (2001).","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR4","unstructured":"Census and Statistics Department Hong Kong. Thematic Household Survey Report No. 53: Pattern of Smokinghttp:\/\/www.digital21.gov.hk\/eng\/statistics\/download\/householdreport2013_53.pdf (2013). (Data of access 11\/9\/2016)."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.12.2043","volume":"24","author":"W Al-Delaimy","year":"2001","unstructured":"Al-Delaimy, W., Willett, W., Manson, J., Speizer, F. & Hu, F. Smoking and Mortality Among Women With Type 2 Diabetes: The Nurses\u2019 Health Study cohort. Diabetes Care 24, 2043\u20132048 (2001).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S1262-3636(07)70117-9","volume":"30","author":"P Nilsson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nilsson, P., Gudbj\u00f6rnsdottir, S., Eliasson, B. & Cederholm, J. Smoking is associated with increased HbA1c values and microalbuminuria in patients with diabetes \u2014 data from the National Diabetes Register in Sweden. Diabetes Metab. 30, 261\u2013268 (2004).","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S429","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-S354","volume":"32","author":"R Fagard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fagard, R. Smoking Amplifies Cardiovascular Risk in Patients With Hypertension and Diabetes. Diabetes Care 32, S429\u2013S431 (2009).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000260100.71665.2f","volume":"38","author":"C Giorda","year":"2007","unstructured":"Giorda, C. et al. Incidence and Risk Factors for Stroke in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: The DAI Study. Stroke 38, 1154\u20131160 (2007).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cigarette smoking and proteinuria in Taiwanese men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Med. 27, 295\u2013302 (2010).","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.02947.x"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-0620(03)80004-X","volume":"45","author":"B Eliasson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Eliasson, B. Cigarette smoking and diabetes. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 45, 405\u2013413 (2003).","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foundations of care: Education, nutrition, physical activity, smoking cessation, psychosocial care, and immunization. Diabetes Care 38, S20\u2013S30 (2014).","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-S007"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/18.2.156","volume":"18","author":"C McBride","year":"2003","unstructured":"McBride, C., Emmons, K. & Lipkus, I. Understanding the potential of teachable moments: The case of smoking cessation. Health Educ. Res. 18, 156\u201370 (2003).","journal-title":"Health Educ. Res"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2016.02.007","volume":"64","author":"RA Martin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martin, R. A., Cassidy, R. N., Murphy, C. M. & Rohsenow, D. J. Barriers to quitting smoking among substance dependent patients predict smoking cessation treatment outcome. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 64, 7\u201312 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2016.01.014","volume":"134","author":"A Memon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Memon, A. et al. What factors are important in smoking cessation and relapse in women from deprived communities? A qualitative study in southeast England. Public Health 134, 39\u201345 (2016).","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000614","volume":"120","author":"D Warner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Warner, D. Helping Surgical Patients Quit Smoking. Anesth. Analg. 120, 510\u2013512 (2015).","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR16","unstructured":"Hong Kong Council of smoking and health. Services. COSH.http:\/\/smokefree.hk\/en\/content\/web.do?page=Services (2016). (Data of access 11\/9\/2016)."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR17","unstructured":"Tobacco control office department of health. Quitting smokinghttps:\/\/www.tco.gov.hk\/english\/quitting\/quitting_scc.html (2015). (Data of access 11\/9\/2016)."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR18","unstructured":"Tobacco control office department of health. Quitting smokinghttps:\/\/www.tco.gov.hk\/english\/quitting\/eresources_for_hcp.html (Data of access 11\/9\/2016)."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.12854","volume":"24","author":"T Chau","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chau, T. et al. Misconceptions about smoking in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A qualitative analysis. J. Clin Nurs. 24, 2545\u201353 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin Nurs."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-014-0471-5","volume":"16","author":"D Luh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Luh, D. et al. Stages of change, determinants, and mortality for smoking cessation in adult Taiwanese screenees. Prev. Sci. 16, 301\u201312 (2014).","journal-title":"Prev. Sci."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.2000.0767","volume":"32","author":"J Prochaska","year":"2001","unstructured":"Prochaska, J. et al. Counselor and stimulus control enhancements of a stage-matched expert system intervention for smokers in a managed care setting. Prev. Med. 32, 23\u201332 (2001).","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.4278\/0890-1171-12.1.31","volume":"12","author":"L Ruggiero","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ruggiero, L., Redding, C., Rossi, J. & Prochaska, J. A stage-matched smoking cessation program for pregnant smokers. Am. J. Health Promot. 12, 31\u20133 (1997).","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Promot"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.10.1455","volume":"23","author":"N Canga","year":"2000","unstructured":"Canga, N. et al. Intervention study for smoking cessation in diabetic patients: A randomized controlled trial in both clinical and primary care settings. Diabetes Care 23, 1455\u20131460 (2000).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/1742395310364253","volume":"6","author":"N Ng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ng, N., Nichter, M., Padmawati, R., Prabandari, Y. & Muramoto, M. Bringing smoking cessation to diabetes clinics in Indonesia. Chronic Illn. 6, 125\u201335 (2010).","journal-title":"Chronic Illn"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1993.tb00763.x","volume":"234","author":"P Sawicki","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sawicki, P., Didjurgeit, U., M\u00fchlhauser, I. & Berger, M. Behaviour therapy versus doctor\u2019s anti-smoking advice in diabetic patients. J Intern. Med. 234, 407\u20139 (1993).","journal-title":"J Intern. Med"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helping cancer patients quit smoking by increasing their risk perception: A study protocol of a cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Cancer 15, 490 (2015).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-015-1496-2"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4107","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004107","volume":"4","author":"A Nagrebetsky","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nagrebetsky, A., Brettell, R. & Roberts, N. Smoking cessation in adults with diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of data from randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open 4, 4107 (2014).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03363.x","volume":"106","author":"S Chan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chan, S. et al. A randomized controlled trial of a smoking reduction plus nicotine replacement therapy intervention for smokers not willing to quit smoking. Addiction. 106, 1155\u201363 (2011).","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03733.x","volume":"107","author":"S Chan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chan, S. et al. A randomized controlled trial of stage-matched intervention for smoking cessation in cardiac out-patients. Addiction. 107, 829\u201337 (2011).","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR30","unstructured":"Census and Statistics Department (HKSAR). Women and Men in Hong Kong Key Statistics 2014http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.hk\/pub\/B11303032014AN14B0100.pdf (2014). (Data of access 11\/9\/2016)."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G. & Buchner, A. G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods. 39, 175\u2013191 (2007).","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-1227","volume":"13","author":"M Dickson-Spillmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dickson-Spillmann, M., Haug, S. & Schaub, M. P. Group hypnosis vs. Relaxation for smoking cessation in adults: A cluster-randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health 13, 1227 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-51","volume":"12","author":"S Haug","year":"2012","unstructured":"Haug, S. et al. Efficacy of a text messaging (SMS) based smoking cessation intervention for adolescents and young adults: Study protocol of a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health 12, 51 (2012).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2337","volume":"15","author":"O Burford","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burford, O., Jiwa, M., Carter, O., Parsons, R. & Hendrie, D. Internet-Based Photoaging within Australian pharmacies to promote smoking cessation: Randomized controlled trial. J. Med. Internet Res. 15, 64 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2006.01357.x","volume":"15","author":"M Chan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chan, M., Yee, A., Leung, E. & Day, M. The effectiveness of a diabetes nurse clinic in treating older patients with type 2 diabetes for their glycaemic control. J. Clin. Nurs. 15, 770\u201381 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7398.1061","volume":"326","author":"MJ Jarvis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jarvis, M. J. Prevalence of hardcore smoking in England, and associated attitudes and beliefs: Cross sectional study. BMJ 326, 1061\u20130 (2003).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7148.1878","volume":"316","author":"CC Butler","year":"1998","unstructured":"Butler, C. C., Pill, R. & Stott, N. C. H. Qualitative study of patients\u2018 perceptions of doctors\u2019 advice to quit smoking: Implications for opportunistic health promotion. BMJ 316, 1878\u20131881 (1998).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1037\/h0088437","volume":"19","author":"JO Prochaska","year":"1982","unstructured":"Prochaska, J. O. & DiClemente, C. C. Transtheoretical therapy: Toward a more integrative model of change. Psychother. Theor. Res. 19, 276\u2013288 (1982).","journal-title":"Psychother. Theor. Res"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2009.033175","volume":"19","author":"C Heckman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Heckman, C., Egleston, B. & Hofmann, M. Efficacy of motivational interviewing for smoking cessation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Tob. Control 19, 410\u20136 (2010).","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR40","unstructured":"Orleans, T. C. Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice. (Jossey-Bass Inc., U.S.: San Francisco, CA, 2008)."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.51.3.390","volume":"51","author":"J Prochaska","year":"1983","unstructured":"Prochaska, J. & DiClemente, C. Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 51, 390\u20135 (1983).","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2007.019950","volume":"16","author":"V Rabius","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rabius, V., Pike, K. J., Hunter, J., Wiatrek, D. & McAlister, A. L. Effects of frequency and duration in telephone counselling for smoking cessation. Tob. Control 16, 71\u201374 (2007).","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2011-050348","volume":"21","author":"P Aveyard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aveyard, P. & Raw, M. Improving smoking cessation approaches at the individual level. Tob. Control 21, 252\u2013257 (2012).","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-016-0409-3","volume":"11","author":"KM McElwaine","year":"2016","unstructured":"McElwaine, K. M. et al. Systematic review of interventions to increase the delivery of preventive care by primary care nurses and allied health clinicians. Implement. Sci. 11, 50 (2016).","journal-title":"Implement. Sci"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR45","unstructured":"Thompson, T. P. & Begh, R. Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10.1002\/14651858.cd006936.pub3 (1996)."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdh147","volume":"26","author":"A Abdullah","year":"2004","unstructured":"Abdullah, A. et al. Establishment and evaluation of a smoking cessation clinic in Hong Kong: A model for the future service provider. J. Public Health (Oxf.) 26, 239\u201344 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Public Health (Oxf.)"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR47","unstructured":"Use, T., Panel, D. G., Fiore, M. C. & States, U. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. (U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Rockville, MD, 2008)."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothman, A. & Kiviniemi, M. Treating people with information: An analysis and review of approaches to communicating health risk information. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 44\u201351 (2000).","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jncimonographs.a024207"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR49","unstructured":"Legislative Council of HKSAR. Subcommittee on the Public Revenue Protection (Dutiable Commodities) Order 2011http:\/\/www.legco.gov.hk\/yr10-11\/english\/hc\/sub_leg\/sc10\/general\/sc10.htm (2011). (Data of access 11\/9\/2016)."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR50","unstructured":"Department of Health (HKSAR). Hong Kong Reference Framework for Diabetes Care for Adults in Primary Care Settings [Patient Version]. http:\/\/www.pco.gov.hk\/english\/resource\/files\/RF_DM_full.pdf p.16. (2012). (Data of access 11\/9\/2016)."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(98)00086-0","volume":"24","author":"L Ruggiero","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ruggiero, L. et al. Smoking and diabetes: Readiness for change and provider advice. Addict. Behav. 24, 573\u20138 (1999).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200802238928","volume":"10","author":"D Leung","year":"2008","unstructured":"Leung, D., Chan, S., Lau, C., Wong, V. & Lam, T. An evaluation of the psychometric properties of the smoking self-efficacy questionnaire (SEQ-12) among Chinese cardiac patients who smoke. Nicotine Tob. Res. 10, 1311\u20138 (2008).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200801978680","volume":"10","author":"F Cooke","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cooke, F. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of NicAlert cotinine test strips in saliva for verifying smoking status. Nicotine Tob. Res. 10, 607\u201312 (2008).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00957.x","volume":"100","author":"M Javors","year":"2005","unstructured":"Javors, M., Hatch, J. & Lamb, R. Cut-off levels for breath carbon monoxide as a marker for cigarette smoking. Addiction. 100, 159\u201367 (2005).","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200110050411","volume":"3","author":"S Hall","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hall, S. et al. Statistical analysis of randomized trials in tobacco treatment: Longitudinal designs with dichotomous outcome. Nicotine Tob Res. 3, 193\u2013202 (2001).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntq103","volume":"12","author":"M Costa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Costa, M. et al. \u2018Hardcore\u2019 definitions and their application to a population-based sample of smokers. Nicotine Tob Res. 12, 860\u20134 (2010).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03770.x","volume":"107","author":"P Aveyard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aveyard, P., Begh, R., Parsons, A. & West, R. Brief opportunistic smoking cessation interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis to compare advice to quit and offer of assistance. Addiction. 107, 1066\u201373 (2011).","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stead, L., Bergson, G. & Lancaster, T. Physician advice for smoking cessation. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. (2008).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000165.pub3"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.3.387","volume":"90","author":"S Emery","year":"2000","unstructured":"Emery, S., Gilpin, E., Ake, C., Farkas, A. & Pierce, J. Characterizing and identifying \u2018hard-core\u2019 smokers: Implications for further reducing smoking prevalence. Am. J. Public Health. 90, 387\u201394 (2000).","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2010.039743","volume":"20","author":"A Sorg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sorg, A., Xu, J., Doppalapudi, S., Shelton, S. & Harris, J. Hardcore smokers in a challenging tobacco control environment: The case of Missouri. Tob. Control. 20, 388\u201390 (2011).","journal-title":"Tob. Control."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR61","unstructured":"United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General, The health consequences of smoking\u221250 years of progress: A report of the surgeon general: Executive summaryhttp:\/\/www.surgeongeneral.gov\/library\/reports\/50-years-of-progress\/full-report.pdf (2014). (Data of access 11\/9\/2016)."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00082-0","volume":"3","author":"D Lycett","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lycett, D. et al. The association between smoking cessation and glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: A THIN database cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 3, 423\u2013430 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.1.86","volume":"290","author":"J Critchley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Critchley, J. & Capewell, S. Mortality risk reduction associated with smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease: A systematic review. JAMA. 290, 86\u201397 (2003).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.12.007","volume":"38","author":"K Swayampakala","year":"2013","unstructured":"Swayampakala, K. et al. Level of cigarette consumption and quit behavior in a population of low-intensity smokers\u2013longitudinal results from the international tobacco control (ITC) survey in Mexico. Addict. Behav. 38, 1958\u201365 (2013).","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-222","volume":"2","author":"Y Dong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dong, Y. & Peng, C. Y. J. Principled missing data methods for researchers. Springerplus. 2, 222 (2013).","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"BFsrep45902_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreuter, M. & Wray, R. Tailored and targeted health communication: Strategies for enhancing information relevance. Am J Health Behav. 27, (2003).","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.27.1.s3.6"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep45902.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep45902","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/srep45902","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep45902.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T18:38:26Z","timestamp":1671820706000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep45902"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,26]]}},"alternative-id":["BFsrep45902"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep45902","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 November 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 April 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"45902"}}