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Therefore, we conducted a prospective clinical study on 30 patients before (with steroids and immunosuppressants) and after introducing rituximab therapy. Relapse rates and total invoiced medical expenses were selected as the primary endpoints for treatment effectiveness and treatment costs, respectively. As secondary endpoints, cost-effectiveness was compared before and after administering rituximab in relation to previous pharmacotherapy. The observation period was 24 months before and after the initiation of rituximab. We showed that there was a statistically significant improvement in the relapse rate from a mean of 4.30 events before administration to a mean of 0.27 events after administration and that there was a significantly better prognosis in the cumulative avoidance of relapse rate by Kaplan\u2013Meier analysis (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Finally, the total medical costs decreased from 2,923\u2009USD to 1,280\u2009USD per month, and the pre\u2013post cost-effectiveness was confirmed as dominant. We, therefore, conclude that treatment with rituximab was possibly superior to previous pharmacological treatments from a health economics perspective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]],"date-time":"2017-04-07T10:05:23Z","timestamp":1491559523000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Cost-Effectiveness of Administering Rituximab for Steroid-Dependent Nephrotic Syndrome and Frequently Relapsing Nephrotic Syndrome: A Preliminary Study in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Tomoyuki","family":"Takura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Takei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kosaku","family":"Nitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFsrep46036_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-012-0593-7","volume":"16","author":"H Yokoyama","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yokoyama, H., Taguchi, T., Sugiyama, H. & Sato, H. Membranous nephropathy in Japan: analysis of the Japan Renal Biopsy Registry (J-RBR). Clin. Exp. Nephrol. 16, 557\u2013563 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"BFsrep46036_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-004-1434-z","volume":"19","author":"K Benz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Benz, K., D\u00f6tsch, J., Rascher, W. & Stachel, D. Change of the course of steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome after rituximab therapy. Pediatr. Nephrol. 19, 794\u2013797 (2004).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"BFsrep46036_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-006-0228-x","volume":"21","author":"RD Gilbert","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gilbert, R. D., Hulse, E. & Rigden, S. Rituximab therapy for steroid-dependent minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr. Nephrol. 21, 1698\u20131700 (2006).","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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