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Sleep disturbances are varied and can present as insomnia and\/or hypersomnia. Though research has examined the biological underpinnings of insomnia in MDD, little is known about the role of biomarkers in hypersomnia associated with MDD. This paper examines biomarkers associated with changes in hypersomnia and insomnia and as predictors of improvements in sleep quality following exercise augmentation in persons with MDD. Subjects with non-remitted MDD were randomized to augmentation with one of two doses of aerobic exercise: 16 kilocalories per kilogram of body weight per week (KKW) or 4\u2009KKW for 12 weeks. The four sleep-related items on the clinician-rated Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (sleep onset insomnia, mid-nocturnal insomnia, early morning insomnia and hypersomnia) assessed self-reported sleep quality. Inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-6) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were assessed in blood samples collected before and following the 12-week intervention. Reduction in hypersomnia was correlated with reductions in BDNF (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.26,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.029) and IL-1\u03b2 (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.37,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.002). Changes in these biomarkers were not associated with changes in insomnia; however, lower baseline levels of IL-1\u03b2 were predictive of greater improvements in insomnia (F=3.87,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.050). In conclusion, improvement in hypersomnia is related to reductions in inflammatory markers and BDNF in persons with non-remitted MDD. Distinct biological mechanisms may explain reductions in insomnia.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,4]],"date-time":"2015-08-04T09:42:44Z","timestamp":1438681364000},"page":"e611-e611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["IL-1\u03b2 and BDNF are associated with improvement in hypersomnia but not insomnia following exercise in major depressive disorder"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"C D","family":"Rethorst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T L","family":"Greer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M S P","family":"Toups","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T J","family":"Carmody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M H","family":"Trivedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFtp2015104_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20768","volume":"28","author":"N Iovieno","year":"2011","unstructured":"Iovieno N, van Nieuwenhuizen A, Clain A, Baer L, Nierenberg AA . 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IB has received support from the Joint Research Committee of the National Council Of State Boards Of Nursing, book royalties from Sage Publications, owns stock in Merck, Bristol-Myers Squibb and DuPont, EI. de Nemours & CC. MHT is or has been an advisor\/consultant to Abbott Laboratories, Abdi Ibrahim, Akzo (Organon Pharmaceuticals), Alkermes, AstraZeneca, Axon Advisors, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Cephalon, Cerecor, Concert Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly and Company, Evotec, Fabre Kramer Pharmaceuticals, Forest Pharmaceuticals, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen Global Services, LLC, Janssen Pharmaceutica Products, LP, Johnson & Johnson PRD, Libby, Lundbeck, Meade Johnson, MedAvante, Medscape, Medtronic, Merck, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Development America, Naurex, Neuronetics, Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, Pamlab, Parke-Davis Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, PgxHealth, Phoenix Marketing Solutions, Rexahn Pharmaceuticals, Ridge Diagnostics, Roche Products, Sepracor, SHIRE Development, Sierra, SK Life and Science, Sunovion, Takeda, Tal Medical\/Puretech Venture, Targacept, Transcept, VantagePoint, Vivus and Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories. In addition, he has received research support from Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Corcept Therapeutics, Cyberonics, National Alliance for Research in Schizophrenia and Depression, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Novartis, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Predix Pharmaceuticals (Epix) and Solvay Pharmaceuticals. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}