{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:10:30Z","timestamp":1792001430170,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,31]],"date-time":"2015-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427760000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,31]],"date-time":"2015-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stress inoculation entails intermittent exposure to mildly stressful situations that present opportunities to learn, practice and improve coping in the context of exposure psychotherapies and resiliency training. Here we investigate behavioral and hormonal aspects of stress inoculation modeled in mice. Mice randomized to stress inoculation or a control treatment condition were assessed for corticosterone stress hormone responses and behavior during open-field, object-exploration and tail-suspension tests. Stress inoculation training sessions that acutely increased plasma levels of corticosterone diminished subsequent immobility as a measure of behavioral despair on tail-suspension tests. Stress inoculation also decreased subsequent freezing in the open field despite comparable levels of thigmotaxis in mice from both treatment conditions. Stress inoculation subsequently decreased novel-object exploration latencies and reduced corticosterone responses to repeated restraint. These results demonstrate that stress inoculation acutely stimulates glucocorticoid signaling and then enhances subsequent indications of active coping behavior in mice. Unlike mouse models that screen for the absence of vulnerability to stress or presence of traits that occur in resilient individuals, stress inoculation training reflects an experience-dependent learning-like process that resembles interventions designed to build resilience in humans. Mouse models of stress inoculation may provide novel insights for new preventive strategies or therapeutic treatments of human psychiatric disorders that are triggered and exacerbated by stressful life events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.34","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,31]],"date-time":"2015-03-31T13:36:58Z","timestamp":1427809018000},"page":"e537-e537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Stress inoculation modeled in mice"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"J","family":"Brockhurst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Cheleuitte-Nieves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C L","family":"Buckmaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A F","family":"Schatzberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D M","family":"Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFtp201534_CR1","first-page":"B252","volume":"78","author":"MC Stetz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stetz MC, Thomas ML, Russo MB, Stetz TA, Wildzunas RM, McDonald JJ et al. Stress, mental health, and cognition: a brief review of relationships and countermeasures. Aviat Space Environ Med 2007; 78: B252\u2013B260.","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3109\/01612848509009464","volume":"7","author":"D Meichenbaum","year":"1985","unstructured":"Meichenbaum D, Novaco R . Stress inoculation: a preventative approach. Issues Ment Health Nurs 1985; 7: 419\u2013435.","journal-title":"Issues Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.1.2.170","volume":"1","author":"T Saunders","year":"1996","unstructured":"Saunders T, Driskell JE, Johnston JH, Salas E . The effect of stress inoculation training on anxiety and performance. J Occup Health Psychol 1996; 1: 170\u2013186.","journal-title":"J Occup Health Psychol"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2007.01.003","volume":"27","author":"RJ McNally","year":"2007","unstructured":"McNally RJ . Mechanisms of exposure therapy: how neuroscience can improve psychological treatments for anxiety disorders. Clin Psychol Rev 2007; 27: 750\u2013759.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.10.003","volume":"46","author":"MG Craske","year":"2008","unstructured":"Craske MG, Kircanski K, Zelikowsky M, Mystkowski J, Chowdhury N, Baker A . Optimizing inhibitory learning during exposure therapy. Behav Res Ther 2008; 46: 5\u201327.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-013-0237-6","volume":"18","author":"S Serino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Serino S, Triberti S, Villani D, Cipresso P, Gaggioli A, Riva G . Toward a validation of cyber-interventions for stress disorders based on stress inoculation training: a systematic review. Virtual Reality 2014; 18: 73\u201387.","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14823","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914568107","volume":"107","author":"DM Lyons","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lyons DM, Buckmaster PS, Lee AG, Wu C, Mitra R, Duffey LM et al. Stress coping stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis in adult monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107: 14823\u201314827.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR8","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Stress Reduction and Prevention","author":"S Epstein","year":"1983","unstructured":"Epstein S . Natural healing processes of the mind: graded stress inoculation as an inherent coping mechanism. In: Meichenbaum D, Jaremko ME (eds). Stress Reduction and Prevention. Plenum Press: New York, NY, USA, 1983; pp 39\u201366."},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.08.032.2009","volume":"3","author":"DM Lyons","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lyons DM, Parker KJ, Katz M, Schatzberg AF . Developmental cascades linking stress inoculation, arousal regulation, and resilience. Front Behav Neurosci 2009; 3: 32.","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20592","volume":"26","author":"MD Edge","year":"2009","unstructured":"Edge MD, Ramel W, Drabant EM, Kuo JR, Parker KJ, Gross JJ . For better or worse? Stress inoculation effects for implicit but not explicit anxiety. Depress Anxiety 2009; 26: 831\u2013837.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2008.08.013","volume":"34","author":"MR Gunnar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gunnar MR, Frenn K, Wewerka SS, Van Ryzin MJ . Moderate versus severe early life stress: associations with stress reactivity and regulation in 10-12-year-old children. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34: 62\u201375.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21157","volume":"56","author":"MJ Hagan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hagan MJ, Roubinov DS, Purdom Marreiro CL, Luecken LJ . Childhood interparental conflict and HPA axis activity in young adulthood: examining nonlinear relations. Dev Psychobiol 2014; 56: 871\u2013880.","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579404040131","volume":"16","author":"JT Mortimer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mortimer JT, Staff J . Early work as a source of developmental discontinuity during the transition to adulthood. Dev Psychopathol 2004; 16: 1047\u20131070.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR14","first-page":"105","volume":"11","author":"WT Boyce","year":"1990","unstructured":"Boyce WT, Chesterman E . Life events, social support, and cardiovascular reactivity in adolescence. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1990; 11: 105\u2013111.","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.09.003","volume":"35","author":"KJ Parker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Parker KJ, Maestripieri D . Identifying key features of early stressful experiences that produce stress vulnerability and resilience in primates. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 35: 1466\u20131483.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021344","volume":"99","author":"MD Seery","year":"2010","unstructured":"Seery MD, Holman EA, Silver RC . Whatever does not kill us: cumulative lifetime adversity, vulnerability, and resilience. J Pers Soc Psychol 2010; 99: 1025\u20131041.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3234","volume":"15","author":"SJ Russo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Russo SJ, Murrough JW, Han MH, Charney DS, Nestler EJ . Neurobiology of resilience. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15: 1475\u20131484.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20500","volume":"52","author":"DM Lyons","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lyons DM, Parker KJ, Schatzberg AF . Animal models of early life stress: implications for understanding resilience. Dev Psychobiol 2010; 52: 616\u2013624.","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.07.020","volume":"49","author":"AG Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee AG, Buckmaster CL, Yi E, Schatzberg AF, Lyons DM . Coping and glucocorticoid receptor regulation by stress inoculation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 49: 272\u2013279.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2011.361","volume":"6","author":"SA Golden","year":"2011","unstructured":"Golden SA, Covington HE 3rd, Berton O, Russo SJ . A standardized protocol for repeated social defeat stress in mice. Nat Protoc 2011; 6: 1183\u20131191.","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.03.009","volume":"29","author":"JF Cryan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cryan JF, Mombereau C, Vassout A . The tail suspension test as a model for assessing antidepressant activity: review of pharmacological and genetic studies in mice. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005; 29: 571\u2013625.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-303-9","volume-title":"Mood and Anxiety Related Phenotypes in Mice","author":"TD Gould","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gould TD, Dao DT, Kovacsics CE . The open field test. In: Gould TD (ed). Mood and Anxiety Related Phenotypes in Mice. Humana Press: New York, NY, USA, 2009; 1\u201320."},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1080\/19768354.2013.790840","volume":"17","author":"S-H Ahn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ahn S-H, Jang E-H, Choi J-H, Lee H-R, Bakes J, Kong Y-Y et al. Basal anxiety during an open field test is correlated with individual differences in contextually conditioned fear in mice. Anim Cells Syst 2013; 17: 154\u2013159.","journal-title":"Anim Cells Syst"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(94)90008-6","volume":"61","author":"P Simon","year":"1994","unstructured":"Simon P, Dupuis R, Costentin J . Thigmotaxis as an index of anxiety in mice. Influence of dopaminergic transmissions. Behav Brain Res 1994; 61: 59\u201364.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2007.05.008","volume":"32","author":"KJ Parker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Parker KJ, Rainwater KL, Buckmaster CL, Schatzberg AF, Lindley SE, Lyons DM . Early life stress and novelty seeking behavior in adolescent monkeys. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007; 32: 785\u2013792.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.3.326","volume":"10","author":"LJ Porrino","year":"2000","unstructured":"Porrino LJ, Lyons D . Orbital and medial prefrontal cortex and psychostimulant abuse: studies in animal models. Cereb Cortex 2000; 10: 326\u2013333.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20720","volume":"71","author":"CA Shively","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shively CA, Clarkson TB . The unique value of primate models in translational research. Nonhuman primate models of women's health: introduction and overview. Am J Primatol 2009; 71: 715\u2013721.","journal-title":"Am J Primatol"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-062012-170307","volume":"36","author":"ZJ Huang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huang ZJ, Zeng H . Genetic approaches to neural circuits in the mouse. Annu Rev Neurosci 2013; 36: 183\u2013215.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2013.03.004","volume":"29","author":"A Gerits","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gerits A, Vanduffel W . Optogenetics in primates: a shining future? Trends Genet 2013; 29: 403\u2013411.","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.26","volume":"16","author":"C Anacker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Anacker C, Zunszain PA, Cattaneo A, Carvalho LA, Garabedian MJ, Thuret S et al. Antidepressants increase human hippocampal neurogenesis by activating the glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16: 738\u2013750.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3572","volume":"16","author":"J Song","year":"2013","unstructured":"Song J, Sun J, Moss J, Wen Z, Sun GJ, Hsu D et al. Parvalbumin interneurons mediate neuronal circuitry-neurogenesis coupling in the adult hippocampus. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16: 1728\u20131730.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3260","volume":"15","author":"Y Gu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gu Y, Arruda-Carvalho M, Wang J, Janoschka SR, Josselyn SA, Frankland PW et al. Optical controlling reveals time-dependent roles for adult-born dentate granule cells. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15: 1700\u20131706.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6621","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1018214108","volume":"108","author":"DJ de Quervain","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Quervain DJ, Bentz D, Michael T, Bolt OC, Wiederhold BK, Margraf J, Wilhelm FH . Glucocorticoids enhance extinction-based psychotherapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 6621\u20136625.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2013.00061","volume":"7","author":"JP Herman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Herman JP . Neural control of chronic stress adaptation. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7: 61.","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.06.006","volume":"73","author":"BL Warren","year":"2013","unstructured":"Warren BL, Vialou VF, Iniguez SD, Alcantara LF, Wright KN, Feng J et al. Neurobiological sequelae of witnessing stressful events in adult mice. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73: 7\u201314.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.097022.109","volume":"19","author":"TE Reddy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reddy TE, Pauli F, Sprouse RO, Neff NF, Newberry KM, Garabedian MJ et al. Genomic determination of the glucocorticoid response reveals unexpected mechanisms of gene regulation. Genome Res 2009; 19: 2163\u20132171.","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20905","volume":"22","author":"NA Datson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Datson NA, Speksnijder N, Mayer JL, Steenbergen PJ, Korobko O, Goeman J et al. The transcriptional response to chronic stress and glucocorticoid receptor blockade in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Hippocampus 2012; 22: 359\u2013371.","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.03.022","volume":"233","author":"AF Trollope","year":"2012","unstructured":"Trollope AF, Gutierrez-Mecinas M, Mifsud KR, Collins A, Saunderson EA, Stress Reul JM . Epigenetic control of gene expression and memory formation. Exp Neurol 2012; 233: 3\u201311.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5745","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801551105","volume":"105","author":"AY So","year":"2008","unstructured":"So AY, Cooper SB, Feldman BJ, Manuchehri M, Yamamoto KR . Conservation analysis predicts in vivo occupancy of glucocorticoid receptor-binding sequences at glucocorticoid-induced genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 5745\u20135749.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"re5","DOI":"10.1126\/stke.2252004re5","volume":"2004","author":"DS Charney","year":"2004","unstructured":"Charney DS, Manji HK . Life stress, genes, and depression: multiple pathways lead to increased risk and new opportunities for intervention. Sci STKE 2004; 2004: re5.","journal-title":"Sci STKE"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.4291","volume":"71","author":"EJ Nestler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nestler EJ . Epigenetic mechanisms of depression. JAMA Psychiatry 2014; 71: 454\u2013456.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2009.11.3\/rsduman","volume":"11","author":"RS Duman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Duman RS . Neuronal damage and protection in the pathophysiology and treatment of psychiatric illness: stress and depression. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2009; 11: 239\u2013255.","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR43","first-page":"313","volume":"1","author":"EA Young","year":"1996","unstructured":"Young EA . Sex differences in response to exogenous corticosterone: a rat model of hypercortisolemia. Mol Psychiatry 1996; 1: 313\u2013319.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6773(72)80082-8","volume":"7","author":"J Masur","year":"1972","unstructured":"Masur J . Sex differences in \u2018emotionality\u2019 and behavior of rats in the open-field. Behav Biol 1972; 7: 749\u2013754.","journal-title":"Behav Biol"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.12.015","volume":"60","author":"ME Bouton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bouton ME, Westbrook RF, Corcoran KA, Maren S . Contextual and temporal modulation of extinction: behavioral and biological mechanisms. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60: 352\u2013360.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201534_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2649","volume":"10","author":"A Feder","year":"2009","unstructured":"Feder A, Nestler EJ, Charney DS . Psychobiology and molecular genetics of resilience. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 10: 446\u2013457.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/tp201534.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/tp201534","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/tp201534.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T09:42:10Z","timestamp":1672911730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/tp201534"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,31]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}},"alternative-id":["BFtp201534"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/tp.2015.34","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 October 2014","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2015","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 February 2015","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2015","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"AFS reports equity in Merck, Pfizer, Neurocrine, XHale and Corcept Therapeutics (co-founder). AFS has received lecture fees from Merck and consulted to Takeda\/Lundbeck, Pfizer, Depomed and Neuronetics. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest. All the authors are employed by or were students at Stanford University.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}