{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T10:57:20Z","timestamp":1787655440254,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,14]],"date-time":"2015-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1428969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,14]],"date-time":"2015-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1428969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The forced-swim test (FST) is one of the most widely used rodent behavioral assays, in which the immobility of animals is used to assess the effectiveness of antidepressant drugs. However, the existing, and mostly arbitrary, criteria used for quantification could lead to biased results. Here we believe we uncovered new confounding factors, revealed new indices to interpret the behavior of mice and propose an unbiased means for quantification of the FST.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.44","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,14]],"date-time":"2015-04-14T09:42:52Z","timestamp":1429004572000},"page":"e551-e551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Novel insights into the behavioral analysis of mice subjected to the forced-swim test"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"L","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G C","family":"Faas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I","family":"Ferando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I","family":"Mody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFtp201544_CR1","first-page":"481","volume":"72","author":"CJ Murray","year":"1994","unstructured":"Murray CJ, Lopez D . Quantifying disability: data, methods and results. Bull World Health Organ 1994; 72: 481\u2013494.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61729-2","volume":"380","author":"T Vos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M et al. Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012; 380: 2163\u20132196.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61689-4","volume":"380","author":"CJL Murray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murray CJL, Vos T, Lozano R, Naghavi M, Flaxman AD, Michaud C et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012; 380: 2197\u20132223.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61611-6","volume":"382","author":"Ha Whiteford","year":"2013","unstructured":"Whiteford Ha, Degenhardt L, Rehm J, Baxter AJ, Ferrari AJ, Erskine HE et al. Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2013; 382: 1575\u20131586.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712001511","volume":"43","author":"AJ Ferrari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ferrari AJ, Somerville AJ, Baxter AJ, Norman R, Patten SB, Vos T et al. Global variation in the prevalence and incidence of major depressive disorder: a systematic review of the epidemiological literature. Psychol Med 2013; 43: 471\u2013481.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07492-2","volume":"349","author":"C Murray","year":"1997","unstructured":"Murray C, Lopez A . Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990\u20132020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 1997; 349: 1498\u20131504.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001457","volume":"9","author":"JF Cryan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cryan JF, Mombereau C . In search of a depressed mouse: utility of models for studying depression-related behavior in genetically modified mice. Mol Psychiatry 2004; 9: 326\u2013357.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1825","volume":"4","author":"JF Cryan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cryan JF, Holmes A . The ascent of mouse: advances in modelling human depression and anxiety. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2005; 4: 775\u2013790.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e3280117733","volume":"20","author":"JF Cryan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cryan JF, Slattery DA . Animal models of mood disorders: recent developments. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2007; 20: 1\u20137.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1038\/266730a0","volume":"266","author":"RD Porsolt","year":"1977","unstructured":"Porsolt RD, Le Pichon M, Jalfre M . Depression: a new animal model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Nature 1977; 266: 730\u2013732.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(78)90118-8","volume":"47","author":"RD Porsolt","year":"1978","unstructured":"Porsolt RD, Anton G, Blavet N, Jalfre M . Behavioural despair in rats: a new model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Eur J Pharmacol 1978; 47: 379\u2013391.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR12","first-page":"327","volume":"229","author":"RD Porsolt","year":"1977","unstructured":"Porsolt RD, Bertin A, Jalfre M . Behavioral despair in mice: a primary screening test for antidepressants. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1977; 229: 327\u2013336.","journal-title":"Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR13","first-page":"Unit 5.8","volume":"Chapter 5","author":"V Castagn\u00e9","year":"2010","unstructured":"Castagn\u00e9 V, Moser P, Roux S, Porsolt RD . Rodent models of depression: forced swim and tail suspension behavioral despair tests in rats and mice. Curr Protoc Pharmacol 2010; Chapter 5: Unit 5.8.","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Pharmacol"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00176837","volume":"94","author":"F Borsini","year":"1988","unstructured":"Borsini F, Meli A . Is the forced swimming test a suitable model for revealing antidepressant activity? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1988; 94: 147\u2013160.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(02)02017-5","volume":"6147","author":"J Cryan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cryan J, Markou A, Lucki I . Assessing antidepressant activity in rodents: recent developments and future needs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2002; 6147: 238\u2013245.","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-5846(90)90073-P","volume":"14","author":"AP West","year":"1990","unstructured":"West AP . Neurobehavioral studies of forced swimming: the role of learning and memory in the forced swim test. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1990; 14: 863\u2013877.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-2048-7","volume":"177","author":"B Petit-Demouliere","year":"2005","unstructured":"Petit-Demouliere B, Chenu F, Bourin M . Forced swimming test in mice: a review of antidepressant activity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 177: 245\u2013255.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130100694","volume":"155","author":"I Lucki","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lucki I, Dalvi A, Mayorga A . Sensitivity to the effects of pharmacologically selective antidepressants in different strains of mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001; 155: 315\u2013322.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(00)00405-4","volume":"72","author":"V V\u00f5ikar","year":"2001","unstructured":"V\u00f5ikar V, K\u00f5ks S, Vasar E, Rauvala H . Strain and gender differences in the behavior of mouse lines commonly used in transgenic studies. Physiol Behav 2001; 72: 271\u2013281.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1335-4","volume":"166","author":"DJP David","year":"2003","unstructured":"David DJP, Renard CE, Jolliet P, Hasco\u00ebt M, Bourin M . Antidepressant-like effects in various mice strains in the forced swimming test. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003; 166: 373\u2013382.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.2000.0672","volume":"42","author":"I Arai","year":"2000","unstructured":"Arai I, Tsuyuki Y, Shiomoto H, Satoh M, Otomo S . Decreased body temperature dependent appearance of behavioral despair in the forced swimming test in mice. Pharmacol Res 2000; 42: 171\u2013176.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(03)02695-7","volume":"975","author":"JF Taltavull","year":"2003","unstructured":"Taltavull JF, Chefer VI, Shippenberg TS, Kiyatkin EA . Severe brain hypothermia as a factor underlying behavioral immobility during cold-water forced swim. Brain Res 2003; 975: 244\u2013247.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1097\/00008877-199711000-00010","volume":"8","author":"I Lucki","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lucki I . The forced swimming test as a model for core and component behavioral effects of antidepressant drugs. Behav Pharmacol 1997; 8: 523\u2013532.","journal-title":"Behav Pharmacol"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)39013-5","volume":"295","author":"J Cryan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cryan J, Lucki I . Antidepressant-like behavioral effects mediated by 5-Hydroxytryptamine(2C) receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000; 295: 1120\u20131126.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.178","volume":"16","author":"M Bourin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bourin M, Fiocco AJ, Clenet F . How valuable are animal models in defining antidepressant activity? Hum Psychopharmacol 2001; 16: 9\u201321.","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.2307\/1380231","volume":"59","author":"RJ Esher","year":"1978","unstructured":"Esher RJ, Wolfe JL, Layne JN . Swimming behavior of rice rats (Oryzomys palustris) and cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). J Mammal 1978; 59: 551\u2013558.","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2307\/1382382","volume":"74","author":"FE Fish","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fish FE . Comparison of swimming kinematics between terrestrial and semiaquatic opossums. J Mammal 1993; 74: 275\u2013284.","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1644\/07-MAMM-A-327.1","volume":"89","author":"RT Santori","year":"2008","unstructured":"Santori RT, Vieira MV, Rocha-Barbosa O, Magnan-Neto JA, Gobbi N . Water Absorption of the Fur and Swimming Behavior of Semiaquatic and Terrestrial Oryzomine Rodents. J. Mammal. 2008; 89: 1152\u20131161.","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(94)90239-9","volume":"49","author":"R Sunal","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sunal R, Gumusel B, Kayaalp SO . Effect of changes in swimming area on results of \u2018behavioral despair test\u2019. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1994; 49: 891\u2013896.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-005-8468-z","volume":"25","author":"E Koponen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Koponen E, Rantam\u00e4ki T, Voikar V, Saarelainen T, MacDonald E, Castr\u00e9n E . Enhanced BDNF signaling is associated with an antidepressant-like behavioral response and changes in brain monoamines. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2005; 25: 973\u2013980.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301345","volume":"32","author":"T Rantam\u00e4ki","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rantam\u00e4ki T, Hendolin P, Kankaanp\u00e4\u00e4 A, Mijatovic J, Piepponen P, Domenici E et al. Pharmacologically diverse antidepressants rapidly activate brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor TrkB and induce phospholipase-Cgamma signaling pathways in mouse brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32: 2152\u20132162.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5584-07.2008","volume":"28","author":"M Lutter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lutter M, Krishnan V, Russo SJ, Jung S, McClung CA, Nestler EJ . Orexin signaling mediates the antidepressant-like effect of calorie restriction. J Neurosci 2008; 28: 3071\u20133075.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.06.018","volume":"616","author":"V Castagn\u00e9","year":"2009","unstructured":"Castagn\u00e9 V, Porsolt RD, Moser P . Use of latency to immobility improves detection of antidepressant-like activity in the behavioral despair test in the mouse. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 616: 128\u2013133.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11617","volume":"492","author":"MR Warden","year":"2012","unstructured":"Warden MR, Selimbeyoglu A, Mirzabekov JJ, Lo M, Thompson KR, Kim S-Y et al. A prefrontal cortex-brainstem neuronal projection that controls response to behavioural challenge. Nature 2012; 492: 428\u2013432.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80467-5","volume":"91","author":"W Chen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chen W, Kelly MA, Opitz-Araya X, Thomas RE, Low MJ, Cone RD . Exocrine gland dysfunction in MC5-R-deficient mice: Evidence for coordinated regulation of exocrine gland function by melanocortin peptides. Cell 1997; 91: 789\u2013798.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0213880","volume":"109","author":"HC Chen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chen HC, Smith SJ, Tow B, Elias PM, Farese RV . Leptin modulates the effects of acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase deficiency on murine fur and sebaceous glands. J Clin Invest 2002; 109: 175\u2013181.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5621","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M310529200","volume":"279","author":"R Westerberg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Westerberg R, Tvrdik P, Und\u00e9n A-B, M\u00e5nsson J-E, Norl\u00e9n L, Jakobsson A et al. Role for ELOVL3 and fatty acid chain length in development of hair and skin function. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 5621\u20135629.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"BFtp201544_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3964","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.416990","volume":"288","author":"M-H Lin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lin M-H, Hsu F-F, Miner JH . Requirement of fatty acid transport protein 4 for development, maturation, and function of sebaceous glands in a mouse model of ichthyosis prematurity syndrome. J Biol Chem 2013; 288: 3964\u20133976.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/tp201544.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/tp201544","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/tp201544.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T10:35:31Z","timestamp":1747910131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/tp201544"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,14]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]}},"alternative-id":["BFtp201544"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/tp.2015.44","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 October 2014","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2015","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 January 2015","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2015","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}