{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:56:50Z","timestamp":1787065010435,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,5]],"date-time":"2016-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,5]],"date-time":"2016-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Increased responding to drug-associated stimuli (cue reactivity) and an inability to tolerate delayed gratification (reward impulsivity) have been implicated in the development and maintenance of drug addiction. Whereas data from animal studies suggest that both the dopamine and opioid system are involved in these two reward-related processes, their role in humans is less clear. Moreover, dopaminergic and opioidergic drugs have not been directly compared with regard to these functions, even though a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms might inform the development of specific treatments for elevated cue reactivity and reward impulsivity. In a randomized, double-blind, between-subject design we administered the selective dopamine D2\/D3 receptor antagonist amisulpride (400\u2009mg,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =41), the unspecific opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone (50\u2009mg,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =40) or placebo (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =40) to healthy humans and measured cue-induced responding with a Pavlovian-instrumental transfer task and reward impulsivity with a delay discounting task. Mood was assessed using a visual analogue scale. Compared with placebo, amisulpride significantly suppressed cue-induced responding and reward impulsivity. The effects of naltrexone were similar, although less pronounced. Both amisulpride and naltrexone decreased average mood ratings compared with placebo. Our results demonstrate that a selective blockade of dopamine D2\/D3 receptors reduces cue-induced responding and reward impulsivity in healthy humans. Antagonizing \u03bc-opioid receptors has similar effects for cue-induced responding and to a lesser extent for reward impulsivity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,5]],"date-time":"2016-07-05T10:04:16Z","timestamp":1467713056000},"page":"e850-e850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Dopamine D2\/3- and \u03bc-opioid receptor antagonists reduce cue-induced responding and reward impulsivity in humans"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"S C","family":"Weber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Beck-Schimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M-E","family":"Kajdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P N","family":"Tobler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B B","family":"Quednow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"BFtp2016113_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.95.8s2.2.x","volume":"95","author":"DC Drummond","year":"2000","unstructured":"Drummond DC . What does cue-reactivity have to offer clinical research? Addiction 2000; 95 (Suppl 2): S129\u2013S144.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(01)00088-1","volume":"36","author":"BJ Everitt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Everitt BJ, Dickinson A, Robbins TW . The neuropsychological basis of addictive behaviour. Brain Res Rev 2001; 36: 129\u2013138.","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/026988119801200103","volume":"12","author":"CP O'Brien","year":"1998","unstructured":"O'Brien CP, Childress AR, Ehrman R, Robbins SJ . Conditioning factors in drug abuse: can they explain compulsion? J Psychopharmacol (Oxford) 1998; 12: 15\u201322.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol (Oxford)"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713001839","volume":"44","author":"LM Hulka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hulka LM, Eisenegger C, Preller KH, Vonmoos M, Jenni D, Bendrick K et al. Altered social and non-social decision-making in recreational and dependent cocaine users. Psychol Med 2014; 44: 1015\u20131028.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715001063","volume":"45","author":"LM Hulka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hulka LM, Vonmoos M, Preller KH, Baumgartner MR, Seifritz E, Gamma A et al. Changes in cocaine consumption are associated with fluctuations in self-reported impulsivity and gambling decision-making. Psychol Med 2015; 45: 3097\u20133110.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2008.00129.x","volume":"14","author":"H De Wit","year":"2009","unstructured":"De Wit H . Impulsivity as a determinant and consequence of drug use: a review of underlying processes. Addict Biol 2009; 14: 22\u201331.","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2229-0","volume":"216","author":"J MacKillop","year":"2011","unstructured":"MacKillop J, Amlung MT, Few LR, Ray LA, Sweet LH, Munaf\u00f2 MR . Delayed reward discounting and addictive behavior: a meta-analysis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 216: 305\u2013321.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262015509.003.0002","volume-title":"Addiction and Responsibility","author":"KC Berridge","year":"2011","unstructured":"Berridge KC, Robinson TE . Drug addiction as incentive sensitization. In: Poland J (ed). Addiction and Responsibility. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011, pp 21\u201354."},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.017","volume":"224","author":"BB Quednow","year":"2016","unstructured":"Quednow BB, Herdener M . Human pharmacology for addiction medicine; from evidence to clinical recommendations. Prog Brain Res 2016; 224: 227\u2013250.","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2006.11.003","volume":"7","author":"G Di Chiara","year":"2007","unstructured":"Di Chiara G, Bassareo V . Reward system and addiction: what dopamine does and doesn't do. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2007; 7: 69\u201376.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3939","volume":"16","author":"DJ Nutt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nutt DJ, Lingford-Hughes A, Erritzoe D . Stokes PRA. The dopamine theory of addiction: 40 years of highs and lows. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16: 305\u2013312.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134625","volume":"52","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2012","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Wang G, Fowler JS, Tomasi D . Addiction circuitry in the human brain. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 52: 321\u2013336.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.03.007","volume":"34","author":"NM Holmes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Holmes NM, Marchand AR, Coutureau E . Pavlovian to instrumental transfer: a neurobehavioural perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010; 34: 1277\u20131295.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1579","volume":"8","author":"BJ Everitt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Everitt BJ, Robbins TW . Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion. Nat Neurosci 2005; 8: 1481\u20131489.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.128.1.78","volume":"128","author":"KN Kirby","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kirby KN, Petry NM, Bickel WK . Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls. J Exp Psychol Gen 1999; 128: 78\u201387.","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2003.00669.x","volume":"99","author":"KN Kirby","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kirby KN, Petry NM . Heroin and cocaine abusers have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than alcoholics or non-drug-using controls. Addiction 2004; 99: 461\u2013471.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(02)00343-3","volume":"27","author":"H De Wit","year":"2002","unstructured":"De Wit H, Enggasser JL, Richards JB . Acute administration of d-amphetamine decreases impulsivity in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002; 27: 813\u2013825.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301565","volume":"33","author":"SB Floresco","year":"2008","unstructured":"Floresco SB, Tse MTL, Ghods-Sharifi S . Dopaminergic and glutamatergic regulation of effort- and delay-based decision making. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33: 1966\u20131979.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8888","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6028-09.2010","volume":"30","author":"A Pine","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pine A, Shiner T, Seymour B, Dolan RJ . Dopamine, time, and impulsivity in humans. J Neurosci 2010; 30: 8888\u20138896.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.114.3.468","volume":"114","author":"A Dickinson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dickinson A, Smith J, Mirenowicz J . Dissociation of Pavlovian and instrumental incentive learning under dopamine antagonists. Behav Neurosci 2000; 114: 468\u2013483.","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3682-3","volume":"232","author":"MN Hebart","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hebart MN, Gl\u00e4scher J . Serotonin and dopamine differentially affect appetitive and aversive general Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232: 437\u2013451.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.978708","volume":"15","author":"A Lex","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lex A, Hauber W . Dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens core and shell mediate Pavlovian-instrumental transfer. Learn Mem 2008; 15: 483\u2013491.","journal-title":"Learn Mem"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.217","volume":"37","author":"SB Ostlund","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ostlund SB, Maidment NT . Dopamine receptor blockade attenuates the general incentive motivational effects of noncontingently delivered rewards and reward-paired cues without affecting their ability to bias action selection. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37: 508\u2013519.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.2229311","volume":"18","author":"KM Wassum","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wassum KM, Ostlund SB, Balleine BW, Maidment NT . Differential dependence of Pavlovian incentive motivation and instrumental incentive learning processes on dopamine signaling. Learn Mem 2011; 18: 475\u2013483.","journal-title":"Learn Mem"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-003-1697-2","volume":"173","author":"AK Kieres","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kieres AK, Hausknecht KA, Farrar AM, Acheson A, De Wit H, Richards JB . Effects of morphine and naltrexone on impulsive decision making in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004; 173: 167\u2013174.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.134","volume":"66","author":"TM Love","year":"2009","unstructured":"Love TM, Stohler CS, Zubieta J . Positron emission tomography measures of endogenous opioid neurotransmission and impulsiveness traits in humans. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009; 66: 1124\u20131134.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-009-1558-8","volume":"205","author":"T Pattij","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pattij T, Schetters D, Janssen MCW, Wiskerke J, Schoffelmeer ANM . Acute effects of morphine on distinct forms of impulsive behavior in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 205: 489\u2013502.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4688-11.2012","volume":"32","author":"V Laurent","year":"2012","unstructured":"Laurent V, Leung B, Maidment N, Balleine BW . \u03bc- and \u03b4-opioid-related processes in the accumbens core and shell differentially mediate the influence of reward-guided and stimulus-guided decisions on choice. J Neurosci 2012; 32: 1875\u20131883.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12174","volume":"37","author":"S Peci\u00f1a","year":"2013","unstructured":"Peci\u00f1a S, Berridge KC . Dopamine or opioid stimulation of nucleus accumbens similarly amplify cue-triggered 'wanting' for reward: entire core and medial shell mapped as substrates for PIT enhancement. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 37: 1529\u20131540.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-4-8","volume":"4","author":"S Peci\u00f1a","year":"2006","unstructured":"Peci\u00f1a S, Schulkin J, Berridge KC . Nucleus accumbens corticotropin-releasing factor increases cue-triggered motivation for sucrose reward: paradoxical positive incentive effects in stress? BMC Biol 2006; 4: 8.","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8122","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-21-08122.2000","volume":"20","author":"CL Wyvell","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wyvell CL, Berridge KC . Intra-accumbens amphetamine increases the conditioned incentive salience of sucrose reward: enhancement of reward \"wanting\" without enhanced \"liking\" or response reinforcement. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 8122\u20138130.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.4.466","volume":"65","author":"H Myrick","year":"2008","unstructured":"Myrick H, Anton RF, Li X, Henderson S, Randall PK, Voronin K . Effect of naltrexone and ondansetron on alcohol cue-induced activation of the ventral striatum in alcohol-dependent people. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008; 65: 466\u2013475.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000402","volume":"150","author":"TR Wade","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wade TR, De Wit H, Richards JB . Effects of dopaminergic drugs on delayed reward as a measure of impulsive behavior in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000; 150: 90\u2013101.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050121","volume":"128","author":"JL Evenden","year":"1996","unstructured":"Evenden JL, Ryan CN . The pharmacology of impulsive behaviour in rats: the effects of drugs on response choice with varying delays of reinforcement. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996; 128: 161\u2013170.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0478-0","volume":"188","author":"CM Helms","year":"2006","unstructured":"Helms CM, Reeves JM, Mitchell SH . Impact of strain and D-amphetamine on impulsivity (delay discounting) in inbred mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 188: 144\u2013151.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02245509","volume":"109","author":"AW Logue","year":"1992","unstructured":"Logue AW, Tobin H, Chelonis JJ, Wang RY, Geary N, Schachter S . Cocaine decreases self-control in rats: a preliminary report. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1992; 109: 245\u2013247.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/jcp.0b013e3181602fab","volume":"28","author":"A Hamidovic","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hamidovic A, Kang UJ, De Wit H . Effects of low to moderate acute doses of pramipexole on impulsivity and cognition in healthy volunteers. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008; 28: 45\u201351.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301226","volume":"32","author":"JM Mitchell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mitchell JM, Tavares VC, Fields HL, D'Esposito M, Boettiger CA . Endogenous opioid blockade and impulsive responding in alcoholics and healthy controls. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32: 439\u2013449.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.06.005","volume":"108","author":"A Bari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bari A, Robbins TW . Inhibition and impulsivity: behavioral and neural basis of response control. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 108: 44\u201379.","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3573-7","volume":"231","author":"E Murray","year":"2014","unstructured":"Murray E, Brouwer S, McCutcheon R, Harmer CJ, Cowen PJ, McCabe C . Opposing neural effects of naltrexone on food reward and aversion: implications for the treatment of obesity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231: 4323\u20134335.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.320","volume":"17","author":"P Rosenzweig","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rosenzweig P, Canal M, Patat A, Bergougnan L, Zieleniuk I, Bianchetti G . A review of the pharmacokinetics, tolerability and pharmacodynamics of amisulpride in healthy volunteers. Hum Psychopharmacol 2002; 17: 1\u201313.","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301440","volume":"33","author":"EM Weerts","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weerts EM, Kim YK, Wand GS, Dannals RF, Lee JS, Frost JJ et al. Differences in delta- and mu-opioid receptor blockade measured by positron emission tomography in naltrexone-treated recently abstinent alcohol-dependent subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33: 653\u2013665.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145704004353","volume":"7","author":"I Vernaleken","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vernaleken I, Siessmeier T, Buchholz H, H\u00e4rtter S, Hiemke C, Stoeter P et al. High striatal occupancy of D2-like dopamine receptors by amisulpride in the brain of patients with schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2004; 7: 421\u2013430.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-1826-6","volume":"175","author":"RA Bressan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bressan RA, Erlandsson K, Spencer EP, Ell PJ, Pilowsky LS . Prolactinemia is uncoupled from central D2\/D3 dopamine receptor occupancy in amisulpride treated patients. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004; 175: 367\u2013373.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR45","first-page":"1028","volume":"46","author":"C La Foug\u00e8re","year":"2005","unstructured":"La Foug\u00e8re C, Meisenzahl E, Schmitt G, Stauss J, Frodl T, Tatsch K et al. D2 receptor occupancy during high- and low-dose therapy with the atypical antipsychotic amisulpride: a 123I-iodobenzamide SPECT study. J Nucl Med 2005; 46: 1028\u20131033.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1076727","volume":"41","author":"EM Meisenzahl","year":"2008","unstructured":"Meisenzahl EM, Schmitt G, Gr\u00fcnder G, Dresel S, Frodl T, La Foug\u00e8re C et al. Striatal D2\/D3 receptor occupancy, clinical response and side effects with amisulpride: an iodine-123-iodobenzamide SPET study. Pharmacopsychiatry 2008; 41: 169\u2013175.","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1017\/S146114571200017X","volume":"16","author":"EM Weerts","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weerts EM, McCaul ME, Kuwabara H, Yang X, Xu X, Dannals RF et al. Influence of OPRM1 Asn40Asp variant (A118G) on [11C]carfentanil binding potential: preliminary findings in human subjects. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16: 47\u201353.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613484043","volume":"24","author":"PF Lovibond","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lovibond PF, Colagiuri B . Facilitation of voluntary goal-directed action by reward cues. Psychol Sci 2013; 24: 2030\u20132037.","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::AID-JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2-1","volume":"51","author":"JH Patton","year":"1995","unstructured":"Patton JH, Stanford MS, Barratt ES . Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. J Clin Psychol 1995; 51: 768\u2013774.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR50","first-page":"293","volume":"24","author":"J Hartig","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hartig J, Moosbrugger H . Die \u201cARES-Skalen\u201d zur Erfassung der individuellen BIS-und BAS-Sensitivit\u00e4t. Zeitsch Differ Diagn Psychol 2003; 24: 293\u2013310.","journal-title":"Zeitsch Differ Diagn Psychol"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-6566(87)90023-7","volume":"21","author":"RJ Larsen","year":"1987","unstructured":"Larsen RJ, Diener E . Affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic: a review. J Res Pers 1987; 21: 1\u201339.","journal-title":"J Res Pers"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2014.07.021","volume":"107","author":"J Myerson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Myerson J, Baumann AA, Green L . Discounting of delayed rewards: (A)theoretical interpretation of the Kirby questionnaire. Behav Processes 2014; 107: 99\u2013105.","journal-title":"Behav Processes"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195548","volume":"36","author":"EP Wileyto","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wileyto EP, Audrain-McGovern J, Epstein LH, Lerman C . Using logistic regression to estimate delay-discounting functions. Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput 2004; 36: 41\u201351.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05934.x","volume":"26","author":"LH Corbit","year":"2007","unstructured":"Corbit LH, Janak PH, Balleine BW . General and outcome-specific forms of Pavlovian-instrumental transfer: the effect of shifts in motivational state and inactivation of the ventral tegmental area. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26: 3141\u20133149.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.127106","volume":"13","author":"A Murschall","year":"2006","unstructured":"Murschall A, Hauber W . Inactivation of the ventral tegmental area abolished the general excitatory influence of Pavlovian cues on instrumental performance. Learn Mem 2006; 13: 123\u2013126.","journal-title":"Learn Mem"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001423","volume":"8","author":"L Booij","year":"2003","unstructured":"Booij L, Van der Does AJW, Riedel WJ . Monoamine depletion in psychiatric and healthy populations: review. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 8: 951\u2013973.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2009.02.008","volume":"93","author":"CA Boettiger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boettiger CA, Kelley EA, Mitchell JM, D'Esposito M, Fields HL . Now or Later? An fMRI study of the effects of endogenous opioid blockade on a decision-making network. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 93: 291\u2013299.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)90309-B","volume":"621","author":"D Benjamin","year":"1993","unstructured":"Benjamin D, Grant ER, Pohorecky LA . Naltrexone reverses ethanol-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens in awake, freely moving rats. Brain Res 1993; 621: 137\u2013140.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)01124-4","volume":"785","author":"MT Taber","year":"1998","unstructured":"Taber MT, Zernig G, Fibiger HC . Opioid receptor modulation of feeding-evoked dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens. Brain Res 1998; 785: 24\u201330.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00116","volume":"5","author":"EH Chartoff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chartoff EH, Connery HS . It's MORe exciting than mu: crosstalk between mu opioid receptors and glutamatergic transmission in the mesolimbic dopamine system. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5: 116.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.01.017","volume":"69","author":"C L\u00fcscher","year":"2011","unstructured":"L\u00fcscher C, Malenka RC . Drug-evoked synaptic plasticity in addiction: from molecular changes to circuit remodeling. Neuron 2011; 69: 650\u2013663.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.142.9.1081","volume":"142","author":"TJ Crowley","year":"1985","unstructured":"Crowley TJ, Wagner JE, Zerbe G, Macdonald M . Naltrexone-induced dysphoria in former opioid addicts. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142: 1081\u20131084.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-200201000-00002","volume":"17","author":"SA Montgomery","year":"2002","unstructured":"Montgomery SA . Dopaminergic deficit and the role of amisulpride in the treatment of mood disorders. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 17: S9\u201315, discussion S16-7.","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.19.1.107","volume":"19","author":"MA Cyders","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cyders MA, Smith GT, Spillane NS, Fischer S, Annus AM, Peterson C . Integration of impulsivity and positive mood to predict risky behavior: development and validation of a measure of positive urgency. Psychol Assess 2007; 19: 107\u2013118.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.02.003","volume":"41","author":"KM Lempert","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lempert KM, Pizzagalli DA . Delay discounting and future-directed thinking in anhedonic individuals. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2010; 41: 258\u2013264.","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu102","volume":"41","author":"MN Hartmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hartmann MN, Hager OM, Reimann AV, Chumbley JR, Kirschner M, Seifritz E et al. Apathy but not diminished expression in schizophrenia is associated with discounting of monetary rewards by physical effort. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41: 503\u2013512.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-009-1521-8","volume":"205","author":"AI Abbas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Abbas AI, Hedlund PB, Huang X, Tran TB, Meltzer HY, Roth BL . Amisulpride is a potent 5-HT7 antagonist: relevance for antidepressant actions in vivo Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 205: 119\u2013128.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18932","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2749-13.2013","volume":"33","author":"DEM Geurts","year":"2013","unstructured":"Geurts DEM, Huys QJM, den Ouden, Hanneke EM, Cools R . Serotonin and aversive Pavlovian control of instrumental behavior in humans. J Neurosci 2013; 33: 18932\u201318939.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.07.002.2007","volume":"1","author":"KA Burke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Burke KA, Franz TM, Miller DN, Schoenbaum G . Conditioned reinforcement can be mediated by either outcome-specific or general affective representations. Front Integr Neurosci 2007; 1: 2.","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3740","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12377","volume":"38","author":"AH Lewis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lewis AH, Niznikiewicz MA, Delamater AR, Delgado MR . Avoidance-based human Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38: 3740\u20133748.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFtp2016113_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2005.01.009","volume":"19","author":"CL Parish","year":"2005","unstructured":"Parish CL, Drago J, Stanic D, Borrelli E, Finkelstein DI, Horne MK . Haloperidol treatment reverses behavioural and anatomical changes in cocaine-dependent mice. Neurobiol Dis 2005; 19: 301\u2013311.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/tp2016113.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/tp2016113","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/tp2016113.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T03:41:36Z","timestamp":1672803696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/tp2016113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,5]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["BFtp2016113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/tp.2016.113","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.726485782.793520575","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 January 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 April 2016","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2016","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 July 2016","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}