{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T12:16:10Z","timestamp":1792498570055,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,3]],"date-time":"2016-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462233600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,3]],"date-time":"2016-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Neighborhood influences in the etiology of schizophrenia have been emphasized in a number of systematic reviews, but causality remains uncertain. To test the social drift hypothesis, we used three complementary genetically informed Swedish cohorts. First, we used nationwide Swedish data on approximately 760\u2009000 full- and half-sibling pairs born between 1951 and 1974 and quantitative genetic models to study genetic and environmental influences on the overlap between schizophrenia in young adulthood and subsequent residence in socioeconomically deprived neighborhoods. Schizophrenia diagnoses were ascertained using the National Patient Registry. Second, we tested the overlap between childhood psychotic experiences and neighborhood deprivation in early adulthood in the longitudinal Twin Study of Child and Adolescent Development (TCHAD;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =2960). Third, we investigated to what extent polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia predicted residence in deprived neighborhoods during late adulthood using the TwinGene sample (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =6796). Sibling data suggested that living in deprived neighborhoods was substantially heritable; 65% (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 60\u201371%) of the variance was attributed to genetic influences. Although the correlation between schizophrenia and neighborhood deprivation was moderate in magnitude (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.22; 95% CI: 0.20\u20130.24), it was entirely explained by genetic influences. We replicated these findings in the TCHAD sample. Moreover, the association between polygenic risk for schizophrenia and neighborhood deprivation was statistically significant (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    =0.15%,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.002). Our findings are primarily consistent with a genetic selection interpretation where genetic liability for schizophrenia also predicts subsequent residence in socioeconomically deprived neighborhoods. Previous studies may have overemphasized the relative importance of environmental influences in the social drift of schizophrenia patients. Clinical and policy interventions will therefore benefit from the future identification of potentially causal pathways between different dimensions of cognitive functions and socioeconomic trajectories derived from studies adopting family-based research designs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.62","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,3]],"date-time":"2016-05-03T09:48:58Z","timestamp":1462268938000},"page":"e796-e796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["Schizophrenia and subsequent neighborhood deprivation: revisiting the social drift hypothesis using population, twin and molecular genetic data"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Sariaslan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Fazel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B M","family":"D'Onofrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"L\u00e5ngstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S E","family":"Bergen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Kuja-Halkola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Lichtenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFtp201662_CR1","volume-title":"Mental Disorders in Urban Areas: An Ecological Study of Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses","author":"REL Faris","year":"1939","unstructured":"Faris REL, Dunham HW . Mental Disorders in Urban Areas: An Ecological Study of Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, USA, 1939."},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.86.2.103","volume":"86","author":"J Zubin","year":"1977","unstructured":"Zubin J, Spring B . Vulnerability: a new view of schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 1977; 86: 103.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s9","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.191.51.s9","volume":"191","author":"J-P Selten","year":"2007","unstructured":"Selten J-P, Cantor-Graae E . Hypothesis: social defeat is a risk factor for schizophrenia? Br J Psychiatry 2007; 191: s9\u2013s12.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbm163","volume":"34","author":"D Collip","year":"2008","unstructured":"Collip D, Myin-Germeys I, Van Os J . Does the concept of \u2018sensitization\u2019 provide a plausible mechanism for the putative link between the environment and schizophrenia? Schizophr Bull 2008; 34: 220\u2013225.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn117","volume":"34","author":"J van Os","year":"2008","unstructured":"van Os J, Rutten BP, Poulton R . Gene-environment interactions in schizophrenia: review of epidemiological findings and future directions. Schizophr Bull 2008; 34: 1066\u20131082.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR6","volume-title":"Community and Schizophrenia: An Epidemiological Analysis","author":"HW Dunham","year":"1965","unstructured":"Dunham HW . Community and Schizophrenia: An Epidemiological Analysis. Wayne State University Press: Detroit, MI, USA, 1965."},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.109.463.785","volume":"109","author":"EM Goldberg","year":"1963","unstructured":"Goldberg EM, Morrison S . Schizophrenia and social class. Br J Psychiatry 1963; 109: 785\u2013802.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxn006","volume":"30","author":"D March","year":"2008","unstructured":"March D, Hatch SL, Morgan C, Kirkbride JB, Bresnahan M, Fearon P et al. Psychosis and place. Epidemiol Rev 2008; 30: 84\u2013100.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20056","volume":"12","author":"A Heinz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Heinz A, Deserno L, Reininghaus U . Urbanicity, social adversity and psychosis. World Psychiatry 2013; 12: 187\u2013197.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09563","volume":"468","author":"J van Os","year":"2010","unstructured":"van Os J, Kenis G, Rutten BP . The environment and schizophrenia. Nature 2010; 468: 203\u2013212.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S46","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301252","volume":"103","author":"BM D\u2019Onofrio","year":"2013","unstructured":"D\u2019Onofrio BM, Lahey BB, Turkheimer E, Lichtenstein P . Critical need for family-based, quasi-experimental designs in integrating genetic and social science research. Am J Public Health 2013; 103: S46\u2013S55.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu105","volume":"41","author":"A Sariaslan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sariaslan A, Larsson H, D\u2019Onofrio B, L\u00e5ngstr\u00f6m N, Fazel S, Lichtenstein P . Does population density and neighborhood deprivation predict schizophrenia? A nationwide Swedish quasi-experimental study of 2.4 million individuals. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41: 494\u2013502.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.105","volume":"20","author":"R Plomin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Plomin R, Deary I . Genetics and intelligence differences: five special findings. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 20: 98\u2013108.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2014.02.006","volume":"44","author":"RE Marioni","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marioni RE, Davies G, Hayward C, Liewald D, Kerr SM, Campbell A et al. Molecular genetic contributions to socioeconomic status and intelligence. Intelligence 2014; 44: 26\u201332.","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60072-6","volume":"373","author":"P Lichtenstein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lichtenstein P, Yip BH, Bj\u00f6rk C, Pawitan Y, Cannon TD, Sullivan PF et al. Common genetic determinants of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in Swedish families: a population-based study. Lancet 2009; 373: 234\u2013239.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-004-0762-4","volume":"39","author":"S Marwaha","year":"2004","unstructured":"Marwaha S, Johnson S . Schizophrenia and employment. Soc Psych Psych Epid 2004; 39: 337\u2013349.","journal-title":"Soc Psych Psych Epid"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.163.3.411","volume":"163","author":"R Rosenheck","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rosenheck R, Leslie D, Keefe R, McEvoy J, Swartz M, Perkins D et al. Barriers to employment for people with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiat 2006; 163: 411\u2013417.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiat"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.105.020982","volume":"191","author":"S Marwaha","year":"2007","unstructured":"Marwaha S, Johnson S, Bebbington P, Stafford M, Angermeyer MC, Brugha T et al. Rates and correlates of employment in people with schizophrenia in the UK, France and Germany. Br J Psychiatry 2007; 191: 30\u201337.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e328300eb0e","volume":"21","author":"GR Bond","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bond GR, Drake RE . Predictors of competitive employment among patients with schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2008; 21: 362\u2013369.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0400-6","volume":"15","author":"C Brooke-Sumner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brooke-Sumner C, Petersen I, Asher L, Mall S, Egbe CO, Lund C . Systematic review of feasibility and acceptability of psychosocial interventions for schizophrenia in low and middle income countries. BMC Psychiatry 2015; 15: 19.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR21","first-page":"229","volume":"41","author":"E Kristjansson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kristjansson E, Allebeck P, Wistedt B . Validity of the diagnosis schizophrenia in a psychiatric inpatient register: a retrospective application of DSM-III criteria on ICD-8 diagnoses in Stockholm county. Nord J Psychiat 1987; 41: 229\u2013234.","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiat"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt066","volume":"42","author":"A Sariaslan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sariaslan A, L\u00e5ngstr\u00f6m N, D\u2019Onofrio B, Hallqvist J, Franck J, Lichtenstein P . The impact of neighbourhood deprivation on adolescent violent criminality and substance misuse: a longitudinal, quasi-experimental study of the total Swedish population. Int J Epidemiol 2013; 42: 1057\u20131066.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2011.01.005","volume":"21","author":"C Crump","year":"2011","unstructured":"Crump C, Sundquist K, Sundquist J, Winkleby MA . Neighborhood deprivation and psychiatric medication prescription: a Swedish national multilevel study. Ann Epidemiol 2011; 21: 231\u2013237.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.136200","volume":"205","author":"A Sariaslan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sariaslan A, Larsson H, D'Onofrio BM, L\u00e5ngstr\u00f6m N, Lichtenstein P . Childhood family income, adolescent violent criminality and substance misuse: quasi-experimental total population study. Br J Psychiatry 2014; 205: 286\u2013290.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2013.772234","volume":"68","author":"L J\u00f6rgensen","year":"2014","unstructured":"J\u00f6rgensen L, Allebeck P, Dalman C . Prevalence of psychoses in Stockholm County-A population-based study using comprehensive healthcare registers. Nord J Psychiatry 2014; 68: 60\u201365.","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR26","unstructured":"Fakta om den svenska familjen. Demografiska rapporter. Statistics Sweden: Stockholm, 1994."},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/3.2.119","volume":"3","author":"FV Rijsdijk","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rijsdijk FV, Sham PC . Analytic approaches to twin data using structural equation models. Brief Bioinform 2002; 3: 119\u2013133.","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-011-9483-0","volume":"42","author":"T Frisell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Frisell T, Pawitan Y, L\u00e5ngstr\u00f6m N, Lichtenstein P . Heritability, assortative mating and gender differences in violent crime: results from a total population sample using twin, adoption, and sibling models. Behav Genet 2012; 42: 3\u201318.","journal-title":"Behav Genet"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02361160","volume":"26","author":"JC Loehlin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Loehlin JC . The Cholesky approach: a cautionary note. Behav Genet 1996; 26: 65\u201369.","journal-title":"Behav Genet"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-8018-2","volume-title":"Methodology for Genetic Studies of Twins and Families","author":"M Neale","year":"1992","unstructured":"Neale M, Cardon LR . Methodology for Genetic Studies of Twins and Families. Springer: Berlin, 1992."},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR31","unstructured":"Boker SM, Neale MC, Maes HH, Wilde MJ, Spiegel M, Brick TR et al. OpenMx 1.2 User Guide 2012; http:\/\/openmx.psyc.virginia.edu\/docs\/OpenMx\/1.2.0-1926\/OpenMxUserGuide.pdf."},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.10.1.67","volume":"10","author":"P Lichtenstein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lichtenstein P, Tuvblad C, Larsson H, Carlstr\u00f6m E . The Swedish twin study of child and adolescent development: the TCHAD-study. Twin Res Hum Genet 2007; 10: 67\u201373.","journal-title":"Twin Res Hum Genet"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20131","volume":"13","author":"I Kelleher","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kelleher I, Cederl\u00f6f M, Lichtenstein P . Psychotic experiences as a predictor of the natural course of suicidal ideation: a Swedish cohort study. World Psychiatry 2014; 13: 184\u2013188.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.4.569","volume":"156","author":"AA Crijnen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Crijnen AA, Achenbach TM, Verhulst FC . Problems reported by parents of children in multiple cultures: the Child Behavior Checklist syndrome constructs. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 569\u2013574.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.03.007","volume":"147","author":"E Kline","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kline E, Thompson E, Schimunek C, Reeves G, Bussell K, Pitts SC et al. Parent\u2013adolescent agreement on psychosis risk symptoms. Schizophr Res 2013; 147: 147\u2013152.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp057","volume":"37","author":"I Kelleher","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kelleher I, Harley M, Murtagh A, Cannon M . Are screening instruments valid for psychotic-like experiences? A validation study of screening questions for psychotic-like experiences using in-depth clinical interview. Schizophr Bull 2011; 37: 362\u2013369.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2012.104","volume":"16","author":"PK Magnusson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Magnusson PK, Almqvist C, Rahman I, Ganna A, Viktorin A, Walum H et al. The Swedish Twin Registry: establishment of a biobank and other recent developments. Twin Res Hum Genet 2013; 16: 317\u2013329.","journal-title":"Twin Res Hum Genet"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2742","volume":"45","author":"S Ripke","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ripke S, O'Dushlaine C, Chambert K, Moran JL, K\u00e4hler AK, Akterin S et al. Genome-wide association analysis identifies 13 new risk loci for schizophrenia. Nat Genet 2013; 45: 1150\u20131159.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1086\/519795","volume":"81","author":"S Purcell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Purcell S, Neale B, Todd-Brown K, Thomas L, Ferreira MA, Bender D et al. PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 81: 559\u2013575.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/1.7.60","volume":"1","author":"ML Kohn","year":"1973","unstructured":"Kohn ML . Social class and schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1973; 1: 60\u201379.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713002018","volume":"44","author":"M Cederl\u00f6f","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cederl\u00f6f M, \u00d6stberg P, Pettersson E, Anckars\u00e4ter H, Gumpert C, Lundstr\u00f6m S et al. Language and mathematical problems as precursors of psychotic-like experiences and juvenile mania symptoms. Psychol Med 2014; 44: 1293\u20131302.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.7.669","volume":"58","author":"A Fanous","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fanous A, Gardner C, Walsh D, Kendler KS . Relationship between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and schizotypal symptoms in nonpsychotic relatives. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58: 669.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.54.8.1129","volume":"54","author":"SR McGurk","year":"2003","unstructured":"McGurk SR, Mueser KT, Harvey PD, LaPuglia R, Marder J . Cognitive and symptom predictors of work outcomes for clients with schizophrenia in supported employment. Psych Serv 2003; 54: 1129\u20131135.","journal-title":"Psych Serv"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08494","volume":"461","author":"TA Manolio","year":"2009","unstructured":"Manolio TA, Collins FS, Cox NJ, Goldstein DB, Hindorff LA, Hunter DJ et al. Finding the missing heritability of complex diseases. Nature 2009; 461: 747\u2013753.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706008385","volume":"36","author":"P Lichtenstein","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lichtenstein P, Bjork C, Hultman CM, Scolnick E, Sklar P, Sullivan PF . Recurrence risks for schizophrenia in a Swedish national cohort. Psychol Med 2006; 36: 1417\u20131426.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12049","volume":"52","author":"J Barnes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barnes J, Wright J, Boutwell B, Schwartz J, Connolly E, Nedelec J et al. Demonstrating the validity of twin research in criminology. Criminology 2014; 52: 588\u2013626.","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0467.2012.00412.x","volume":"94","author":"O Stjernstr\u00f6m","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stjernstr\u00f6m O, Str\u00f6mgren M . Geographical distance between children and absent parents in separated families. Geogr Ann Ser B 2012; 94: 239\u2013253.","journal-title":"Geogr Ann Ser B"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.006","volume":"75","author":"MC Keller","year":"2014","unstructured":"Keller MC . Gene \u00d7 environment interaction studies have not properly controlled for potential confounders: the problem and the (simple) solution. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75: 18\u201324.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201662_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2014.07.014","volume":"95","author":"F Dudbridge","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dudbridge F, Fletcher O . Gene-environment dependence creates spurious gene-environment interaction. Am J Hum Gen 2014; 95: 301\u2013307.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Gen"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/tp201662.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/tp201662","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/tp201662.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T03:50:50Z","timestamp":1672804250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/tp201662"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,3]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["BFtp201662"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/tp.2016.62","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 July 2015","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2016","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2016","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 May 2016","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}