{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:08:51Z","timestamp":1792192131124,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,31]],"date-time":"2016-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464652800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,31]],"date-time":"2016-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transl Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maternal immune functioning during pregnancy contributes to sex-dependent deficits in neurodevelopment and to behaviors associated with affective traits in preclinical studies, and has been indirectly associated with offspring depression in epidemiologic studies. We therefore investigated the association between immune activity during pregnancy and the risk of depression among male and female offspring. We conducted a case\u2013control study of depression (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=484 cases and <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=774 controls) using data from the New England Family Study, a pregnancy cohort enrolled between 1959 and 1966 that assessed psychiatric outcomes in adult offspring (mean age=39.7 years). We assayed concentrations of three pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, in maternal serum collected at the end of the second and beginning of the third trimesters. High maternal TNF-\u03b1 was associated with reduced odds of depression among both male and female offspring (odds ratio (OR)=0.68; confidence interval (CI)=0.48, 0.98). However, when considering the TNF-\u03b1 to IL-10 ratio, a measure of the ratio of pro- to anti-inflammatory loading, maternal immune effects on offspring depression differed significantly by sex (<jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>=13.9, degrees of freedom=4, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.008). Among females, higher maternal TNF-\u03b1:IL-10 was associated with reduced odds of depression (OR=0.51; CI=0.32, 0.81), whereas, among males, high maternal TNF-\u03b1:IL-10 was associated with elevated odds of depression (OR=1.86; CI=1.02, 3.39). Thus, the balance between TNF-\u03b1 and IL-10 in maternal prenatal serum was associated with depression in a sex-dependent manner. These findings are consistent with the role of TNF-\u03b1 in the maturation of the sexually dimorphic fetal brain circuitry that regulates stress and affective responses, and support a prenatal stress-immune model of depression pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.91","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,31]],"date-time":"2016-05-31T16:36:12Z","timestamp":1464712572000},"page":"e822-e822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Prenatal immune programming of the sex-dependent risk for major depression"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"S E","family":"Gilman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Cherkerzian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S L","family":"Buka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Hornig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J M","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFtp201691_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-9-90","volume":"9","author":"E Bromet","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bromet E, Andrade LH, Hwang I, Sampson NA, Alonso J, de Girolamo G et al. Cross-national epidemiology of DSM-IV major depressive episode. BMC Med 2011; 9: 90.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2013.12.001","volume":"35","author":"JM Goldstein","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goldstein JM, Handa RJ, Tobet SA . Disruption of fetal hormonal programming (prenatal stress) implicates shared risk for sex differences in depression and cardiovascular disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35: 140\u2013158.","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830160040006","volume":"54","author":"RA Machon","year":"1997","unstructured":"Machon RA, Mednick SA, Huttunen MO . Adult major affective disorder after prenatal exposure to an influenza epidemic. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54: 322\u2013328.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370905400809","volume":"54","author":"D Pang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pang D, Syed S, Fine P, Jones PB . No association between prenatal viral infection and depression in later life\u2014a long-term cohort study of 6152 subjects. Can J Psychiatry 2009; 54: 565\u2013570.","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.03.005","volume":"24","author":"P Boksa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Boksa P . Effects of prenatal infection on brain development and behavior: a review of findings from animal models. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24: 881\u2013897.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-2035-0","volume":"214","author":"JA Markham","year":"2011","unstructured":"Markham JA, Koenig JI . Prenatal stress: role in psychotic and depressive diseases. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 214: 89\u2013106.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2011.08.015","volume":"87","author":"M Enayati","year":"2012","unstructured":"Enayati M, Solati J, Hosseini MH, Shahi HR, Saki G, Salari AA . Maternal infection during late pregnancy increases anxiety- and depression-like behaviors with increasing age in male offspring. Brain Res Bull 2012; 87: 295\u2013302.","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.12.003","volume":"37","author":"S Babri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Babri S, Doosti MH, Salari AA . Strain-dependent effects of prenatal maternal immune activation on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in offspring. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 37: 164\u2013176.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.10.034","volume":"259","author":"YL Lin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lin YL, Wang S . Prenatal lipopolysaccharide exposure increases depression-like behaviors and reduces hippocampal neurogenesis in adult rats. Behav Brain Res 2014; 259: 24\u201334.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1345","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00268.2005","volume":"290","author":"AM Samuelsson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Samuelsson AM, Jennische E, Hansson HA, Holmang A . Prenatal exposure to interleukin-6 results in inflammatory neurodegeneration in hippocampus with NMDA\/GABA(A) dysregulation and impaired spatial learning. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 290: R1345\u2013R1356.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.06.004","volume":"193","author":"RA Kohman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kohman RA, Tarr AJ, Day CE, McLinden KA, Boehm GW . Influence of prenatal stress on behavioral, endocrine, and cytokine responses to adulthood bacterial endotoxin exposure. Behav Brain Res 2008; 193: 257\u2013268.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.01.027","volume":"42","author":"F Lante","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lante F, Meunier J, Guiramand J, Maurice T, Cavalier M, de Jesus Ferreira MC et al. Neurodevelopmental damage after prenatal infection: role of oxidative stress in the fetal brain. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 42: 1231\u20131245.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301413","volume":"33","author":"U Meyer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Meyer U, Nyffeler M, Schwendener S, Knuesel I, Yee BK, Feldon J . Relative prenatal and postnatal maternal contributions to schizophrenia-related neurochemical dysfunction after in utero immune challenge. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33: 441\u2013456.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2009.10.030","volume":"192","author":"H Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang H, Meng XH, Ning H, Zhao XF, Wang Q, Liu P et al. Age- and gender-dependent impairments of neurobehaviors in mice whose mothers were exposed to lipopolysaccharide during pregnancy. Toxicol Lett 2010; 192: 245\u2013251.","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106015","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106015","volume":"9","author":"MS Stratton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stratton MS, Staros M, Budefeld T, Searcy BT, Nash C, Eitel C et al. Embryonic GABA(B) receptor blockade alters cell migration, adult hypothalamic structure, and anxiety- and depression-like behaviors sex specifically in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9: e106015.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.1994.1044","volume":"28","author":"RJ Handa","year":"1994","unstructured":"Handa RJ, Burgess LH, Kerr JE, O'Keefe JA . Gonadal steroid hormone receptors and sex differences in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Horm Behav 1994; 28: 464\u2013476.","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174411000651","volume":"2","author":"JM Goldstein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goldstein JM, Cherkerzian S, Buka SL, Fitzmaurice G, Hornig M, Gillman M et al. Sex-specific impact of maternal-fetal risk factors on depression and cardiovascular risk 40 years later. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2011; 2: 353\u2013364.","journal-title":"J Dev Orig Health Dis"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714000683","volume":"44","author":"JM Goldstein","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goldstein JM, Cherkerzian S, Seidman LJ, Donatelli JA, Remington AG, Tsuang MT et al. Prenatal maternal immune disruption and sex-dependent risk for psychoses. Psychol Med 2014; 44: 3249\u20133261.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2007.06.037","volume":"52","author":"IJ Elenkov","year":"2008","unstructured":"Elenkov IJ . Neurohormonal-cytokine interactions: implications for inflammation, common human diseases and well-being. Neurochem Int 2008; 52: 40\u201351.","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/93.6.323","volume":"93","author":"TM O'Connor","year":"2000","unstructured":"O'Connor TM, O'Halloran DJ, Shanahan F . The stress response and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: from molecule to melancholia. QJM 2000; 93: 323\u2013333.","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1330349","volume":"133","author":"MS Harbuz","year":"1992","unstructured":"Harbuz MS, Stephanou A, Sarlis N, Lightman SL . The effects of recombinant human interleukin (IL)-1 alpha, IL-1 beta or IL-6 on hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis activation. J Endocrinol 1992; 133: 349\u2013355.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/11.6.490","volume":"11","author":"JM Goldstein","year":"2001","unstructured":"Goldstein JM, Seidman LJ, Horton NJ, Makris N, Kennedy DN, Caviness VS Jr. et al. Normal sexual dimorphism of the adult human brain assessed by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Cereb Cortex 2001; 11: 490\u2013497.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym250","volume":"37","author":"SE Gilman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gilman SE, Martin LT, Abrams DB, Kawachi I, Kubzansky L, Loucks EB et al. Educational attainment and cigarette smoking: a causal association? Int J Epidemiol 2008; 37: 615\u2013624.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.196","volume":"15","author":"JM Haro","year":"2006","unstructured":"Haro JM, Arbabzadeh-Bouchez S, Brugha TS, de Girolamo G, Guyer ME, Jin R et al. Concordance of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 3.0 (CIDI 3.0) with standardized clinical assessments in the WHO World Mental Health surveys. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2006; 15: 167\u2013180.","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2006.11.008","volume":"32","author":"LR Stroud","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stroud LR, Solomon C, Shenassa E, Papandonatos G, Niaura R, Lipsitt LP et al. Long-term stability of maternal prenatal steroid hormones from the National Collaborative Perinatal Project: still valid after all these years. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007; 32: 140\u2013150.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR26","first-page":"41","volume":"9","author":"TB Martins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Martins TB . Development of internal controls for the Luminex instrument as part of a multiplex seven-analyte viral respiratory antibody profile. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2002; 9: 41\u201345.","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21002","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021002","volume":"6","author":"P Marques-Vidal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marques-Vidal P, Bochud M, Bastardot F, Luscher T, Ferrero F, Gaspoz JM et al. Levels and determinants of inflammatory biomarkers in a Swiss population-based sample (CoLaus study). PLoS One 2011; 6: e21002.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2007.02.005","volume":"27","author":"SL Burcusa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Burcusa SL, Iacono WG . Risk for recurrence in depression. Clin Psychol Rev 2007; 27: 959\u2013985.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.197","volume":"19","author":"AS Brown","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brown AS, Sourander A, Hinkka-Yli-Salomaki S, McKeague IW, Sundvall J, Surcel HM . Elevated maternal C-reactive protein and autism in a national birth cohort. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19: 259\u2013264.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.033","volume":"67","author":"Y Dowlati","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Liu H, Sham L, Reim EK et al. A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67: 446\u2013457.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1385\/NMM:5:1:011","volume":"5","author":"RS Duman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Duman RS . Role of neurotrophic factors in the etiology and treatment of mood disorders. Neuromol Med 2004; 5: 11\u201325.","journal-title":"Neuromol Med"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.8.1189","volume":"150","author":"M Maes","year":"1993","unstructured":"Maes M, Bosmans E, Meltzer HY, Scharpe S, Suy E . Interleukin-1 beta: a putative mediator of HPA axis hyperactivity in major depression? Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150: 1189\u20131193.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(01)00081-5","volume":"11","author":"O Mikova","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mikova O, Yakimova R, Bosmans E, Kenis G, Maes M . Increased serum tumor necrosis factor alpha concentrations in major depression and multiple sclerosis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2001; 11: 203\u2013208.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.09.023","volume":"71","author":"WE Copeland","year":"2012","unstructured":"Copeland WE, Shanahan L, Worthman C, Angold A, Costello EJ . Cumulative depression episodes predict later C-reactive protein levels: a prospective analysis. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 71: 15\u201321.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1228261","volume":"339","author":"S Giovanoli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Giovanoli S, Engler H, Engler A, Richetto J, Voget M, Willi R et al. Stress in puberty unmasks latent neuropathological consequences of prenatal immune activation in mice. Science 2013; 339: 1095\u20131099.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.04.012","volume":"33","author":"M Mandal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mandal M, Donnelly R, Elkabes S, Zhang P, Davini D, David BT et al. Maternal immune stimulation during pregnancy shapes the immunological phenotype of offspring. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 33: 33\u201345.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5949","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1316","volume":"153","author":"KL Zuloaga","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zuloaga KL, Swift SN, Gonzales RJ, Wu TJ, Handa RJ . The androgen metabolite, 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol, decreases cytokine-induced cyclooxygenase-2, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression, and P-glycoprotein expression in male human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Endocrinology 2012; 153: 5949\u20135960.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001748","volume":"11","author":"H Ashdown","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ashdown H, Dumont Y, Ng M, Poole S, Boksa P, Luheshi GN . The role of cytokines in mediating effects of prenatal infection on the fetus: implications for schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2006; 11: 47\u201355.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200001000-00013","volume":"47","author":"Z Cai","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cai Z, Pan ZL, Pang Y, Evans OB, Rhodes PG . Cytokine induction in fetal rat brains and brain injury in neonatal rats after maternal lipopolysaccharide administration. Pediatr Res 2000; 47: 64\u201372.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(00)00032-3","volume":"47","author":"A Urakubo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Urakubo A, Jarskog LF, Lieberman JA, Gilmore JH . Prenatal exposure to maternal infection alters cytokine expression in the placenta, amniotic fluid, and fetal brain. Schizophr Res 2001; 47: 27\u201336.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185 e181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.04.033","volume":"203","author":"R Beloosesky","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beloosesky R, Maravi N, Weiner Z, Khatib N, Awad N, Boles J et al. Maternal lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation during pregnancy programs impaired offspring innate immune responses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 203: 185 e181\u2013184.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731108003236","volume":"3","author":"D Couret","year":"2009","unstructured":"Couret D, Otten W, Puppe B, Prunier A, Merlot E . Behavioural, endocrine and immune responses to repeated social stress in pregnant gilts. Animal 2009; 3: 118\u2013127.","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2011.00004","volume":"5","author":"S Roque","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roque S, Oliveira TG, Nobrega C, Barreira-Silva P, Nunes-Alves C, Sousa N et al. Interplay between depressive-like behavior and the immune system in an animal model of prenatal dexamethasone administration. Front Behav Neurosci 2011; 5: 4.","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2013.08.007","volume":"17","author":"A Zager","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zager A, Pinheiro ML, Ferraz-de-Paula V, Ribeiro A, Palermo-Neto J . Increased cell-mediated immunity in male mice offspring exposed to maternal immune activation during late gestation. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17: 633\u2013637.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1040","volume":"155","author":"SL Bronson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bronson SL, Bale TL . Prenatal stress-induced increases in placental inflammation and offspring hyperactivity are male-specific and ameliorated by maternal antiinflammatory treatment. Endocrinology 2014; 155: 2635\u20132646.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00241-8","volume":"38","author":"AS Brown","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brown AS, Susser ES, Lin SP, Gorman JM . Affective disorders in Holland after prenatal exposure to the 1957 A2 influenza epidemic. Biol Psychiatry 1995; 38: 270\u2013273.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03468.x","volume":"88","author":"N Takei","year":"1993","unstructured":"Takei N, O'Callaghan E, Sham PC, Glover G, Murray RM . Does prenatal influenza divert susceptible females from later affective psychosis to schizophrenia? Acta Psychiatr Scand 1993; 88: 328\u2013336.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1515\/RNS.2011.041","volume":"22","author":"JP Twohig","year":"2011","unstructured":"Twohig JP, Cuff SM, Yong AA, Wang EC . The role of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily members in mammalian brain development, function and homeostasis. Rev Neurosci 2011; 22: 509\u2013533.","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.03.019","volume":"38","author":"LM Osborne","year":"2013","unstructured":"Osborne LM, Monk C . Perinatal depression\u2014the fourth inflammatory morbidity of pregnancy? Theory and literature review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38: 1929\u20131952.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.7.3365","volume":"161","author":"J Correale","year":"1998","unstructured":"Correale J, Arias M, Gilmore W . Steroid hormone regulation of cytokine secretion by proteolipid protein-specific CD4+ T cell clones isolated from multiple sclerosis patients and normal control subjects. J Immunol 1998; 161: 3365\u20133374.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-011-9634-3","volume":"32","author":"JB Moreli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moreli JB, Morceli G, De Luca AK, Magalhaes CG, Costa RA, Damasceno DC et al. Influence of maternal hyperglycemia on IL-10 and TNF-alpha production: the relationship with perinatal outcomes. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32: 604\u2013610.","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1038\/35013070","volume":"405","author":"LV Borovikova","year":"2000","unstructured":"Borovikova LV, Ivanova S, Zhang M, Yang H, Botchkina GI, Watkins LR et al. Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin. Nature 2000; 405: 458\u2013462.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01209-4","volume":"50","author":"CE Marx","year":"2001","unstructured":"Marx CE, Jarskog LF, Lauder JM, Lieberman JA, Gilmore JH . Cytokine effects on cortical neuron MAP-2 immunoreactivity: implications for schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 50: 743\u2013749.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3981","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-11-03981.1997","volume":"17","author":"Z Hu","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hu Z, Yuri K, Ozawa H, Lu H, Kawata M . The in vivo time course for elimination of adrenalectomy-induced apoptotic profiles from the granule cell layer of the rat hippocampus. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 3981\u20133989.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181aba664","volume":"20","author":"MA Klebanoff","year":"2009","unstructured":"Klebanoff MA, Zhang J, Zhang C, Levine RJ . Maternal serum theobromine and the development of preeclampsia. Epidemiology 2009; 20: 727\u2013732.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(02)00415-5","volume":"13","author":"MP Longnecker","year":"2003","unstructured":"Longnecker MP, Zhou H, Klebanoff MA, Brock JW . An unexpected distribution of sodium concentration in serum specimens stored for more than 30 years. Ann Epidemiol 2003; 13: 178\u2013181.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2007.06.051","volume":"77","author":"AE Curry","year":"2008","unstructured":"Curry AE, Vogel I, Skogstrand K, Drews C, Schendel DE, Flanders WD et al. Maternal plasma cytokines in early- and mid-gestation of normal human pregnancy and their association with maternal factors. J Reprod Immunol 2008; 77: 152\u2013160.","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"BFtp201691_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12093","volume":"92","author":"M Palm","year":"2013","unstructured":"Palm M, Axelsson O, Wernroth L, Larsson A, Basu S . Involvement of inflammation in normal pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013; 92: 601\u2013605.","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"}],"container-title":["Translational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/tp201691.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/tp201691","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/tp201691.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T08:48:16Z","timestamp":1672822096000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/tp201691"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,31]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["BFtp201691"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/tp.2016.91","relation":{},"ISSN":["2158-3188"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2158-3188","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 August 2015","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 December 2015","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 January 2016","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 May 2016","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}