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Here we tested the hypothesis that electrical stimulation in either IC\/BST or in the inferior thalamic peduncle (ITP) effectively reduces depressive symptoms in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (TRD). In a double-blind crossover design, the effects of electrical stimulation at both targets were compared in TRD patients. The 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating scale (HAM-D) was the primary outcome measure. During the first crossover, patients received IC\/BST stimulation versus no stimulation in random order (2 \u00d7 1 weeks). During the second crossover (3 \u00d7 2 months), patients received IC\/BST versus ITP versus no stimulation. Patients and evaluators were blinded for stimulation conditions. All patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=7) were followed up for at least 3 years (3\u20138 years) after implantation. Six patients completed the first crossover and five patients completed the second. During the first crossover, mean (s.d.) HAM-D scores were 21.5 (2.7) for no stimulation and 11.5 (8.8) for IC\/BST stimulation. During the second crossover, HAM-D scores were 15.4 (7.5) for no stimulation, 7.6 (3.8) for IC\/BST stimulation and 11.2 (7.5) for ITP stimulation. The final sample size was too small to statistically analyze this second crossover. At last follow-up, only one patient preferred ITP over IC\/BST stimulation. Two patients, with a history of suicide attempts before implantation, committed suicide during the follow-up phases of this study. Our data indicate that, in the long term, both ITP and IC\/BST stimulation may alleviate depressive symptoms in patients suffering from TRD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.66","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,31]],"date-time":"2017-10-31T15:04:09Z","timestamp":1509462249000},"page":"e1251-e1251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder: a comparison of two targets and long-term follow-up"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"S","family":"Raymaekers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Luyten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Bervoets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Gabri\u00ebls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Nuttin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFtp201766_CR1","first-page":"87","volume":"9","author":"P Sobocki","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sobocki P, J\u00f6nsson B, Angst J, Rehnberg C . 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They also provided grants for research, education and traveling to BN and LG, who hold the Medtronic Chair for Stereotactic Neurosurgery in Psychiatric Disorders at KU Leuven. SR is supported by this Chair. BN co-owns a patent on DBS in OCD. CB reported no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}