{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T19:32:09Z","timestamp":1772134329531,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6853","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,9,20]],"date-time":"2001-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1000944000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,9,20]],"date-time":"2001-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1000944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,9,20]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/35095046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T04:32:48Z","timestamp":1027657968000},"page":"299-302","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["The rhythm of microbial adaptation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"413","author":[{"given":"Philip","family":"Gerrish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF35095046_CR1","first-page":"26","volume-title":"Toward a New Philosophy of Biology","author":"E Mayr","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mayr, E. Toward a New Philosophy of Biology 26 (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1988)."},{"key":"BF35095046_CR2","volume-title":"Wonderful Life: the Burgess Shale and the Nature of History","author":"SJ Gould","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gould, S. J. Wonderful Life: the Burgess Shale and the Nature of History (W. W. Norton, New York, 1989)."},{"key":"BF35095046_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300010156","volume":"8","author":"WG Hill","year":"1966","unstructured":"Hill, W. G. & Robertson, A. The effect of linkage on limits to artificial selection. Genet. Res. 8, 269\u2013294 (1966).","journal-title":"Genet. Res."},{"key":"BF35095046_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5434.1745","volume":"285","author":"R Miralles","year":"1999","unstructured":"Miralles, R., Gerrish, P. J., Moya, A. & Elena, S. F. Clonal interference and the evolution of RNA viruses. Science 285, 1745\u20131747 (1999).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF35095046_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017067816551","volume":"102\u2013103","author":"PJ Gerrish","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gerrish, P. J. & Lenski, R. E. The fate of competing beneficial mutations in an asexual population. Genetica 102\u2013103, 127\u2013144 (1998).","journal-title":"Genetica"},{"key":"BF35095046_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.27468","volume-title":"The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection","author":"RA Fisher","year":"1930","unstructured":"Fisher, R. A. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection 102\u2013104, 121\u2013123 (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1930)."},{"key":"BF35095046_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1086\/280418","volume":"8","author":"HJ Muller","year":"1932","unstructured":"Muller, H. J. Some genetic aspects of sex. Am. Nat. 8, 118\u2013138 (1932).","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"BF35095046_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/155.2.929","volume":"155","author":"GAT McVean","year":"2000","unstructured":"McVean, G. A. T. & Charlesworth, B. The effects of Hill-Robertson interference between weakly selected mutations on patterns of molecular evolution and variation. Genetics 155, 929\u2013944 (2000).","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"BF35095046_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-5809(78)90027-8","volume":"14","author":"J Haigh","year":"1978","unstructured":"Haigh, J. The accumulation of deleterious genes in a population\u2014Muller's ratchet. Theor. Pop. Biol. 14, 251\u2013267 (1978).","journal-title":"Theor. Pop. Biol."},{"key":"BF35095046_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-46244-3_8","volume-title":"Mathematical Topics in Population Genetics","author":"A Robertson","year":"1970","unstructured":"Robertson, A. in Mathematical Topics in Population Genetics (ed. Kojima, K.) 246\u2013288 (Springer, Berlin, 1970)."},{"key":"BF35095046_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300032857","volume":"64","author":"NH Barton","year":"1994","unstructured":"Barton, N. H. The reduction in fixation probability caused by substitutions at linked loci. Genet. Res. 64, 199\u2013208 (1994).","journal-title":"Genet. Res."},{"key":"BF35095046_CR12","volume-title":"Heredity and Sex","author":"TH Morgan","year":"1913","unstructured":"Morgan, T. H. Heredity and Sex (Columbia Univ. Press, New York, 1913)."},{"key":"BF35095046_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/78.2.737","volume":"78","author":"J Felsenstein","year":"1974","unstructured":"Felsenstein, J. The evolutionary advantage of recombination. Genetics 78, 737\u2013756 (1974).","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"BF35095046_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/140.2.821","volume":"140","author":"NH Barton","year":"1995","unstructured":"Barton, N. H. Linkage and the limits to natural selection. Genetics 140, 821\u2013841 (1995).","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"BF35095046_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/147.2.879","volume":"147","author":"SP Otto","year":"1997","unstructured":"Otto, S. P. & Barton, N. H. The evolution of recombination: Removing the limits to natural selection. Genetics 147, 879\u2013906 (1997).","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"BF35095046_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5400.404","volume":"283","author":"JAGM de Visser","year":"1999","unstructured":"de Visser, J. A. G. M., Zeyl, C. W., Gerrish, P. J., Blanchard, J. L. & Lenski, R. E. Diminishing returns from mutation supply rate in asexual populations. Science 283, 404\u2013406 (1999).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BF35095046_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3566","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.8.3566-3571.2000","volume":"74","author":"R Miralles","year":"2000","unstructured":"Miralles, R., Moya, A. & Elena, S. F. Diminishing returns of population size in the rate of RNA virus adaptation. J. Virol. 74, 3566\u20133571 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"BF35095046_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305004100015644","volume":"23","author":"JBS Haldane","year":"1927","unstructured":"Haldane, J. B. S. The mathematical theory of natural and artificial selection. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 23, 838\u2013844 (1927).","journal-title":"Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc."},{"key":"BF35095046_CR19","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Introduction to Mathematical Statistics","author":"RV Hogg","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hogg, R. V. & Craig, A. T. Introduction to Mathematical Statistics 59\u201367, 276 (Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 1995)."},{"key":"BF35095046_CR20","first-page":"346","volume-title":"An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications","author":"W Feller","year":"1968","unstructured":"Feller, W. An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications Vol. 2, 346\u2013359 (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1968)."},{"key":"BF35095046_CR21","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Population Genetics: A Concise Guide","author":"JH Gillespie","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gillespie, J. H. Population Genetics: A Concise Guide 77\u201382 (John Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, 1998)."},{"key":"BF35095046_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01659391","volume":"1","author":"T Ohta","year":"1971","unstructured":"Ohta, T. & Kimura, M. On the constancy of the evolutionary rate of cistrons. J. Mol. Evol. 1, 18\u201325 (1971).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"BF35095046_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/156.3.1437","volume":"156","author":"LM Wahl","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wahl, L. M. & Krakauer, D. C. Models of experimental evolution: the role of genetic chance and selective necessity. Genetics 156, 1437\u20131448 (2000).","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"BF35095046_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/155.2.961","volume":"155","author":"HA Orr","year":"2000","unstructured":"Orr, H. A. The rate of adaptation in asexuals. Genetics 155, 961\u2013968 (2000).","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"BF35095046_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1998.tb01823.x","volume":"52","author":"HA Orr","year":"1998","unstructured":"Orr, H. A. The population genetics of adaptation: the distribution of factors fixed during adaptive evolution. Evolution 52, 935\u2013949 (1998).","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"BF35095046_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1994.10.1327","volume":"10","author":"The WHO Network For HIV Isolation And Characterization","year":"1994","unstructured":"The WHO Network For HIV Isolation And Characterization. HIV type 1 variation in World Health Organization-sponsored vaccine evaluation sites: Genetic screening, sequence analysis, and preliminary biological characterization of selected viral strains. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 10, 1327\u20131343 (1994).","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"BF35095046_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673","volume":"22","author":"JD Thompson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G. & Gibson, T. J. CLUSTAL W: Improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 22, 4673\u20134680 (1994).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"BF35095046_CR28","first-page":"164","volume":"5","author":"J Felsenstein","year":"1989","unstructured":"Felsenstein, J. PHYLIP\u2014Phylogeny Inference Package (Version 3.2). Cladistics 5, 164\u2013166 (1989).","journal-title":"Cladistics"},{"key":"BF35095046_CR29","unstructured":"Korber, B. T. SNAP: Synonymous-Nonsynonymous Analysis Program. Available at http:\/\/www.hiv.lanl.gov . (Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 1998)."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/414779a","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,13]],"date-time":"2001-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1008201600000}}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/35095046.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/35095046","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/35095046.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T22:10:27Z","timestamp":1684275027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/35095046"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,9,20]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6853","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,9,20]]}},"alternative-id":["BF35095046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/35095046","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1000235.16371","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,9,20]]}}}