{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T03:30:14Z","timestamp":1773372614607,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,7,1]],"date-time":"1995-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":804556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,7]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/ng0795-337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,18]],"date-time":"2004-08-18T19:59:31Z","timestamp":1092859171000},"page":"337-343","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":217,"title":["Microsatellite evolution \u2014 evidence for directionality and variation in rate between species"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"David C.","family":"Rubinsztein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Amos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jayne","family":"Leggo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandy","family":"Goodburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanjeev","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shi-Hua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Russell L.","family":"Margolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malcolm A.","family":"Ferguson-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BFng0795337_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-437X(94)90067-1","volume":"4","author":"D Tautz","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tautz, D. & Schlotterer, C. Simple sequences. Curr. Opin. Genet. Devel. 4, 832\u2013837 (1994).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Devel."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1194-213","volume":"8","author":"PJ Willems","year":"1994","unstructured":"Willems, P.J. Dynamic mutations hit double figures. Nature Genet. 8, 213\u2013215 (1994).","journal-title":"Nature Genet."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0894-525","volume":"7","author":"DC Rubinsztein","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rubinsztein, D.C. et al. Mutational bias provides a model for the evolution of Huntington's disease and predicts a general increase in disease prevalence. Nature Genet. 7, 525\u2013530 (1994).","journal-title":"Nature Genet."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/368455a0","volume":"368","author":"AM Bowcock","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bowcock, A.M., Ruiz-Linares, A., Tonfohrde, J., Minch, E., Kidd, J.R. & Cavaili-Sforza, L.L. High resolution of human evolutionary trees with polymorphic microsatellites. Nature. 368, 455\u2013457 (1994).","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1994.1369","volume":"22","author":"R Deka","year":"1994","unstructured":"Deka, R. et al. Conservation of human chromosome 13 polymorphic microsatellite (CA)n repeats in chimpanzees. Genomics 22, 226\u2013230 (1994).","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(92)90285-Z","volume":"12","author":"JS Beckmann","year":"1992","unstructured":"Beckmann, J.S. & Weber, J.L. Survey of human and rat microsatellites. Genomics 12, 627\u2013631 (1992).","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/2.8.1123","volume":"8","author":"J Weber","year":"1993","unstructured":"Weber, J. & Wong, C. Mutation of short tandem repeats. Hum. molec. Genet. 8, 1123\u20131128 (1993).","journal-title":"Hum. molec. Genet."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.1380030407","volume":"3","author":"I Banchs","year":"1994","unstructured":"Banchs, I., Bosch, A., Guimera, J., Lazaro, C., Puig, A. & Estivill, X. New alleles at microsatellite loci in CEPH families mainly arise from somatic mutations in the lymphoblastoid cell lines. Hum. Mut. 3, 365\u2013372 (1994).","journal-title":"Hum. Mut."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0294-136","volume":"6","author":"AJ Jeffreys","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jeffreys, A.J. et al. Complex gene conversion events in germline mutation at human minisatellites. Nature Genet. 6, 136\u2013145 (1994).","journal-title":"Nature Genet."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1991.0038","volume":"243","author":"IC Gray","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gray, I.C. & Jeffreys, A.J. Evolutionary transience of hypervariable minisatellites in man and the primates. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 243, 241\u2013253 (1991).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/133.3.737","volume":"133","author":"AM Valdes","year":"1993","unstructured":"Valdes, A.M., Slatkin, M. & Freimer, N.B. Allele frequencies at microsatellite lociithe stepwise mutation model revisited. Genetics 133, 737\u2013749 (1993).","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-437X(93)90012-E","volume":"3","author":"GA Dover","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dover, G.A. Evolution of genetic redundancy for advanced players. Curr. Opin. Genet. Devel. 3, 902\u2013910 (1993).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Devel."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0294-114","volume":"6","author":"RI Richards","year":"1994","unstructured":"Richards, R.I. & Sutherland, G.R. Simple repeat DNA is not replicated simply. Nature Genet. 6, 114\u2013116 (1994).","journal-title":"Nature Genet."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06619.x","volume":"13","author":"J Buard","year":"1994","unstructured":"Buard, J. & Vergnaud, G. Complex recombination events at the hypermutable minisatellite CEB1 (D2S90). EMBO J. 13, 3203\u20133210 (1994).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR15","unstructured":"Napier, J.R. & Napier, P.M. A Handbook of Living Primates (Academic Press, London, 1967)."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0893-387","volume":"4","author":"M Duyao","year":"1993","unstructured":"Duyao, M. et al. Trinucleotide repeat length instability and age of onset in Huntington's disease. Nature Genet. 4, 387\u2013392 (1993).","journal-title":"Nature Genet."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0893-398","volume":"4","author":"SE Andrew","year":"1993","unstructured":"Andrew, S.E. et al. The relationship between trinucleotide (CAG) repeat length and clinical features of Huntington's disease. Nature Genet. 4, 398\u2013403 (1993).","journal-title":"Nature Genet."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0893-393","volume":"4","author":"G Snell","year":"1993","unstructured":"Snell, G. et al. Relationship between trinucleotide repeat expansions and phenotypic variation in Huntington's disease. Nature Genet. 4, 393\u2013397 (1993).","journal-title":"Nature Genet."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR19","first-page":"959","volume":"54","author":"C Jodice","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jodice, C. et al. Effect of trinucleotide repeat length and parental sex on phenotypic variation in spinocerebellar ataxia I. Am. J. hum. Genet. 54, 959\u2013965 (1994).","journal-title":"Am. J. hum. Genet."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR20","first-page":"1016","volume":"53","author":"HG Brunner","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brunner, H.G. et al. Influence of sex of the transmitting parent as well as of parental allele size on the CTG expansion in myotonic dystrophy. Am. J. hum. Genet. 53, 1016\u20131023 (1993).","journal-title":"Am. J. hum. Genet."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR21","first-page":"528","volume":"50","author":"LA Farrer","year":"1992","unstructured":"Farrer, L.A., Cupples, L.A., Kiely, D.K., Conneally, P.M. & Myers, R.M. Inverse relationship between age of onset of Huntington disease and paternal age suggests involvement of genetic imprinting. Am. J. hum. Genet. 50, 528\u2013535 (1992).","journal-title":"Am. J. hum. Genet."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0693-143","volume":"4","author":"E Reyniers","year":"1993","unstructured":"Reyniers, E. et al. The full mutation in the FMR-1 gene of male fragile X patients is absent in their sperm. Nature Genet. 4, 143\u2013146 (1993).","journal-title":"Nature Genet."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR23","first-page":"575","volume":"54","author":"G Jansen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jansen, G. et al. Gonosomal mosaicism in myotonic dystrophy patients: Involvement of mitotic events in (CTG)n repeat variation and selection against extreme expansion in sperm. Am. J. hum. Genet. 54, 575\u2013585 (1994).","journal-title":"Am. J. hum. Genet."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0194-9","volume":"6","author":"R Koide","year":"1994","unstructured":"Koide, R. et al. Unstable expansion of CAG repeat in hereditary dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA). Nature Genet. 6, 9\u201312 (1994).","journal-title":"Nature Genet."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.164.6.851","volume":"164","author":"DC Rubinsztein","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rubinsztein, D.C. et al. B37 repeats are normal in most schizophrenic patients. Brit. J. Psych. 164, 851\u2013852 (1994).","journal-title":"Brit. J. Psych."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR26","first-page":"55","volume":"42","author":"BL Slierendregt","year":"1993","unstructured":"Slierendregt, B.L. et al. Major histocompatibility class II haplotypes in a breeding colony of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Tissue Ant. 42, 55\u201361 (1993).","journal-title":"Tissue Ant."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1993.1232","volume":"16","author":"SH Li","year":"1993","unstructured":"Li, S.H., Mclnnis, M., Margolis, R.L., Antonarakis, S. & Ross, C.A. Novel triplet repeat containing genes in human brain: Cloning, expression, and length polymorphism. Genomics 16, 572\u2013579 (1993).","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0694supp-246","volume":"7","author":"G Gyapay","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gyapay, G. et al. The 1993\u201394 G\u00e9n\u00e9thon human genetic linkage map. Nature Genet. 7, 246\u2013339 (1994).","journal-title":"Nature Genet."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(92)90370-8","volume":"12","author":"DJ Kwiatkowski","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kwiatkowski, D.J. et al. Construction of a GT polymorphism map of human 9q. Genomics. 12, 220\u2013240 (1992).","journal-title":"Genomics."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/1.2.131","volume":"1","author":"MH Jones","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jones, M.H., Yamakawa, K. & Nakamura, Y. Isolation and characterisation of 19 dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms on chromosome 3p. Hum. molec. Genet. 1, 131\u2013133 (1992).","journal-title":"Hum. molec. Genet."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1994.1198","volume":"20","author":"W Paschen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Paschen, W., Blackstone, C.D., Huganir, R.L. & Ross, C.A., GluR 6 Kainate receptor (GRIK2): Molecular cloning, expression, polymorphism, and chromosomal assignment. Genomics. 20, 435\u2013440 (1994).","journal-title":"Genomics."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.30.4.300","volume":"30","author":"C Oudet","year":"1992","unstructured":"Oudet, C. et al. Characterisation of a highly polymorphic microsatellite at the DXS207 locus: confirmation of very close linkage to the retinoschisis gene. J. med. Genet. 30, 300\u2013303 (1992).","journal-title":"J. med. Genet."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(91)90024-9","volume":"11","author":"MP Coleman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Coleman, M.P. et al. Genetic and physical mapping around the properidin P gene. Genomics. 11, 991\u2013996 (1991).","journal-title":"Genomics."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/20.6.1429","volume":"20","author":"CJ Porter","year":"1992","unstructured":"Porter, C.J., Nahmias, J., Wolfe, J. & Craig, I.W. Dinucleotide repeat polymorphism atthe human dopamine (3-hydroxylase (DBH) locus. Nucl. Acids Res. 20, 1429 (1992).","journal-title":"Nucl. Acids Res."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4793","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/19.17.4793","volume":"19","author":"P Stanier","year":"1991","unstructured":"Stanier, P., Newton, R., Forbes, S.A., Ivens, A. & Moore, G.E. Polymorphic dinucleotide at the DXS3 locus. Nucl. Acids Res. 19, 4793 (1991).","journal-title":"Nucl. Acids Res."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4037","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/18.13.4037","volume":"18","author":"JL Weber","year":"1990","unstructured":"Weber, J.L., Kwitek, A.E., May, P.E., Polymeropoulos, M.H. & Ledbetter, S. Dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms atthe DXS453, DXS454 and DXS458 loci. Nucl. Acids Res. 18, 4037 (1990).","journal-title":"Nucl. Acids Res."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/19.11.3159","volume":"19","author":"JP Hugnot","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hugnot, J.P., Recan, D., Jeanpierre, M., Kaplan, J.C. & Tolun, A. A highly informative CACA repeat polymorphism upstream of the human dystrophin gene. Nucl. Acids Res. 19, 3159 (1991).","journal-title":"Nucl. Acids Res."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR38","first-page":"951","volume":"49","author":"PR Clemens","year":"1991","unstructured":"Clemens, P.R. et al. Carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophyfamilies, using dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms. Am. J. hum. Genet. 49, 951\u2013960 (1991).","journal-title":"Am. J. hum. Genet."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/2.6.821-a","volume":"2","author":"A-F Roux","year":"1993","unstructured":"Roux, A.-F., Yuan, C.C., Rommens, J.M. & Musarella, M.A. Dinucleotide repeat polymorphism near the RP3 locus in Xp21 (DXS1110). Hum. molec. Genet. 2, 821 (1993).","journal-title":"Hum. molec. Genet."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(92)90118-C","volume":"13","author":"G Jansen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jansen, G. et al. Physical and genetic characterisation of the distal segment of the myotonic dystrophy area on 19q. Genomics. 13, 509\u2013517 (1992).","journal-title":"Genomics."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/20.4.929","volume":"20","author":"BJ Moore","year":"1991","unstructured":"Moore, B.J., Kwan, S.P. & Bech-Hansen, N.T. A polymorphic dinucleotide repeat at the DXS7 locus. Nucl. Acids Res. 20, 929 (1991).","journal-title":"Nucl. Acids Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"BFng0795337_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90283-5","volume":"67","author":"Ying-Hui Fu","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fu, Y.-H. et al. Variation of the CGG repeat at the fragile X site results in genetic instability: resolution of the Sherman paradox. Cell 67, 1047\u20131058.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/2.10.1755","volume":"2","author":"LJ Hardwick","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hardwick, L.J., Brown, J. & Wright, A.F. An SIR polymorphism at the CYBB locus. Hum. Molec. Genet. 2, 1755 (1993).","journal-title":"Hum. Molec. Genet."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90300-F","volume":"74","author":"SJL Knight","year":"1993","unstructured":"Knight, S.J.L. et al. Trinucleotide repeat amplification and hypermethylation of a CpG island in FRAXE mental retardation. Cell 74, 127\u2013134 (1993).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0793-221","volume":"4","author":"H Orr","year":"1993","unstructured":"Orr, H. et al. Expansion of an unstable trinucleotide (CAG) repeat in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. Nature Genet. 4, 221\u2013226 (1993).","journal-title":"Nature Genet."},{"key":"BFng0795337_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)67507-4","volume":"153","author":"YC Tsai","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tsai, Y.C. et al. Mosaicism in human epithelium: macroscopic monoclonal patches cover the urothelium. J. Urol. 153, 1697\u20131700 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Urol."}],"container-title":["Nature Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ng0795-337","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ng0795-337.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ng0795-337.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T20:47:59Z","timestamp":1684442879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ng0795-337"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,7]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,7]]}},"alternative-id":["BFng0795337"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng0795-337","relation":{},"ISSN":["1061-4036","1546-1718"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1061-4036","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-1718","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,7]]}}}