{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T12:54:30Z","timestamp":1792760070755,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7670","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,9]],"date-time":"2017-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502236800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,9]],"date-time":"2017-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,7]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/nature23655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,7]],"date-time":"2017-08-07T05:46:53Z","timestamp":1502084813000},"page":"43-47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1726,"title":["Satellite-to-ground quantum key distribution"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"549","author":[{"given":"Sheng-Kai","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Qi","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Yue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Gang","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng-Ping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng-Zhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia-Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Hua","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Jun","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Cai","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Jun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Feng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Mei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Lin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tai","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Ao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nai-Le","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang-Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen-Cai","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao-Yang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Zhi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Wei","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFnature23655_CR1","unstructured":"Bennett, C. H. & Brassard, G. Quantum cryptography: public key distribution and coin tossing. In Proc. Int. Conf. on Computers, Systems and Signal Processing 175\u2013179 (1984)"},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1949.tb00928.x","volume":"28","author":"CE Shannon","year":"1949","unstructured":"Shannon, C. E. Communication theory of secrecy systems. Bell Syst. Tech. J. 28, 656\u2013715 (1949)","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1145\/74074.74087","volume":"20","author":"CH Bennett","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bennett, C. H. & Brassard, G. Experimental quantum cryptography: the dawn of a new era for quantum cryptography: the experimental prototype is working! ACM Sigact News 20, 78\u201380 (1989)","journal-title":"ACM Sigact News"},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1038\/299802a0","volume":"299","author":"WK Wootters","year":"1982","unstructured":"Wootters, W. K. & Zurek, W. H. A single quantum cannot be cloned. Nature 299, 802\u2013803 (1982)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.117.190501","volume":"117","author":"H-L Yin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yin, H.-L. et al. Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution over a 404 km optical fiber. Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 190501 (2016)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.85.1330","volume":"85","author":"G Brassard","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brassard, G., L\u00fctkenhaus, N., Mor, T. & Sanders, B. C. Limitations on practical quantum cryptography. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 1330\u20131333 (2000)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5932","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.81.5932","volume":"81","author":"H-J Briegel","year":"1998","unstructured":"Briegel, H.-J., D\u00fcr, W., Cirac, J. I. & Zoller, P. Quantum repeaters: the role of imperfect local operations in quantum communication. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5932\u20135935 (1998)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4287","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.71.4287","volume":"71","author":"M Z\u02d9ukowski","year":"1993","unstructured":"Z\u02d9ukowski, M., Zeilinger, A., Horne, M. A. & Ekert, A. K. \u2018Event-ready-detectors\u2019 Bell experiment via entanglement swapping. Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 4287\u20134290 (1993)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.76.722","volume":"76","author":"CH Bennett","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bennett, C. H. et al. Purification of noisy entanglement and faithful teleportation via noisy channels. Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 722\u2013725 (1996)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/35106500","volume":"414","author":"L-M Duan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Duan, L.-M., Lukin, M. D., Cirac, J. I. & Zoller, P. Long-distance quantum communication with atomic ensembles and linear optics. Nature 414, 413\u2013418 (2001)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.80.3891","volume":"80","author":"J-W Pan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pan, J.-W., Bouwmeester, D., Weinfurter, H. & Zeilinger, A. Experimental entanglement swapping: entangling photons that never interacted. Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 3891\u20133894 (1998)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01623","volume":"423","author":"J-W Pan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pan, J.-W., Gasparoni, S., Ursin, R., Weihs, G. & Zeilinger, A. Experimental entanglement purification of arbitrary unknown states. Nature 423, 417\u2013422 (2003)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2016.51","volume":"10","author":"S-J Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang, S.-J., Wang, X.-J., Bao, X.-H. & Pan, J.-W. An efficient quantum light\u2013matter interface with sub-second lifetime. Nat. Photon. 10, 381\u2013384 (2016)","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1140300","volume":"316","author":"C-W Chou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chou, C.-W. et al. Functional quantum nodes for entanglement distribution over scalable quantum networks. Science 316, 1316\u20131320 (2007)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07241","volume":"454","author":"Z-S Yuan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yuan, Z.-S. et al. Experimental demonstration of a BDCZ quantum repeater node. Nature 454, 1098\u20131101 (2008)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.83.33","volume":"83","author":"N Sangouard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sangouard, N., Simon, C., De Riedmatten, H. & Gisin, N. Quantum repeaters based on atomic ensembles and linear optics. Rev. Mod. Phys. 83, 33\u201380 (2011)","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11023","volume":"484","author":"S Ritter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ritter, S. et al. An elementary quantum network of single atoms in optical cavities. Nature 484, 195\u2013200 (2012)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12016","volume":"497","author":"H Bernien","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bernien, H. et al. Heralded entanglement between solid-state qubits separated by three metres. Nature 497, 86\u201390 (2013)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/4\/1\/382","volume":"4","author":"JG Rarity","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rarity, J. G., Tapster, P. R., Gorman, P. M. & Knight, P. Ground to satellite secure key exchange using quantum cryptography. New J. Phys. 4, 82 (2002)","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.94.150501","volume":"94","author":"C-Z Peng","year":"2005","unstructured":"Peng, C.-Z. et al. Experimental free-space distribution of entangled photon pairs over 13 km: towards satellite-based global quantum communication. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 150501 (2005)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys629","volume":"3","author":"R Ursin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ursin, R. et al. Entanglement-based quantum communication over 144 km. Nat. Phys. 3, 481\u2013486 (2007)","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11332","volume":"488","author":"J Yin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yin, J. et al. Quantum teleportation and entanglement distribution over 100-kilometre free-space channels. Nature 488, 185\u2013188 (2012)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11472","volume":"489","author":"X-S Ma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ma, X.-S. et al. Quantum teleportation over 143 kilometres using active feed-forward. Nature 489, 269\u2013273 (2012)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2013.89","volume":"7","author":"J-Y Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang, J.-Y. et al. Direct and full-scale experimental verifications towards ground\u2013satellite quantum key distribution. Nat. Photon. 7, 387\u2013393 (2013)","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2013.46","volume":"7","author":"S Nauerth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nauerth, S. et al. Air-to-ground quantum communication. Nat. Photon. 7, 382\u2013386 (2013)","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20032","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.020032","volume":"21","author":"J Yin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yin, J. et al. Experimental quasi-single-photon transmission from satellite to earth. Opt. Express 21, 20032\u201320040 (2013)","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"040502","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.115.040502","volume":"115","author":"G Vallone","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vallone, G. et al. Experimental satellite quantum communications. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 040502 (2015)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230503","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.94.230503","volume":"94","author":"X-B Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang, X.-B. Beating the photon-number-splitting attack in practical quantum cryptography. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 230503 (2005)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230504","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.94.230504","volume":"94","author":"H-K Lo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lo, H.-K., Ma, X. & Chen, K. Decoy state quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 230504 (2005)","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2017.116","volume":"11","author":"S-K Liao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liao, S.-K. et al. Long-distance free-space quantum key distribution in daylight towards inter-satellite communication. Nat. Photon. 11, 509\u2013513 (2017)","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27217","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.027217","volume":"18","author":"T-Y Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen, T.-Y. et al. Metropolitan all-pass and inter-city quantum communication network. Opt. Express 18, 27217\u201327225 (2010)","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3732","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4732","volume":"5","author":"M Curty","year":"2014","unstructured":"Curty, M. et al. Finite-key analysis for measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution. Nat. Commun. 5, 3732 (2014)","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"BFnature23655_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"075006","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/11\/7\/075006","volume":"11","author":"X-B Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang, X.-B., Yang, L., Peng, C.-Z. & Pan, J.-W. Decoy-state quantum key distribution with both source errors and statistical fluctuations. New J. Phys. 11, 075006 (2009)","journal-title":"New J. Phys."}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature23655.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature23655","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/nature23655","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature23655.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T14:04:45Z","timestamp":1684418685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature23655"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,9]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7670","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,7]]}},"alternative-id":["BFnature23655"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature23655","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 March 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 July 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 August 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}