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Understanding the mechanism(s) by which mutations in genes involved in the pathway cause disease has provided valuable insight into its regulation, yet many aspects remain unexplained. Several lines of evidence have led to the hypothesis that the regulatory\/sensor protein NEMO acts as a biological binary switch. This hypothesis depends on the formation of a higher-order structure, which has yet to be identified using traditional molecular techniques. Here we use super-resolution microscopy to reveal the existence of higher-order NEMO lattice structures dependent on the presence of polyubiquitin chains before NF-\u03baB activation. Such structures may permit proximity-based <jats:italic>trans<\/jats:italic>-autophosphorylation, leading to cooperative activation of the signalling cascade. We further show that NF-\u03baB activation results in modification of these structures. Finally, we demonstrate that these structures are abrogated in cells derived from incontinentia pigmenti patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]],"date-time":"2016-09-02T09:00:57Z","timestamp":1472806857000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Super-resolution microscopy reveals a preformed NEMO lattice structure that is collapsed in incontinentia pigmenti"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Janine","family":"Scholefield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anca F.","family":"Savulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Fontan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alix","family":"Boucharlat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Laplantine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Asma","family":"Smahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Isra\u00ebl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Agou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Musa M.","family":"Mhlanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFncomms12629_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biophys-083012-130338","volume":"42","author":"J Napetschnig","year":"2013","unstructured":"Napetschnig, J. & Wu, H. 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