{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T02:41:36Z","timestamp":1775788896586,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chirped pulse amplification in optical lasers is a revolutionary technique, which allows the generation of extremely powerful femtosecond pulses in the infrared and visible spectral ranges. Such pulses are nowadays an indispensable tool for a myriad of applications, both in fundamental and applied research. In recent years, a strong need emerged for light sources producing ultra-short and intense laser-like X-ray pulses, to be used for experiments in a variety of disciplines, ranging from physics and chemistry to biology and material sciences. This demand was satisfied by the advent of short-wavelength free-electron lasers. However, for any given free-electron laser setup, a limit presently exists in the generation of ultra-short pulses carrying substantial energy. Here we present the experimental implementation of chirped pulse amplification on a seeded free-electron laser in the extreme-ultraviolet, paving the way to the generation of fully coherent sub-femtosecond gigawatt pulses in the water window (2.3\u20134.4\u2009nm).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T10:10:20Z","timestamp":1480587020000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Chirped pulse amplification in an extreme-ultraviolet free-electron laser"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Gauthier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9570-6361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Allaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4376-808X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello","family":"Coreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Cudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Dacasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miltcho Boyanov","family":"Danailov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Demidovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Di Mitri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Diviacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eugenio","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Finetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Frassetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Garzella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Swen","family":"K\u00fcnzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7253-5010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Leroux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Beno\u00eet","family":"Mahieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Mahne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Mazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Miotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Penco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Raimondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Primo\u017e Rebernik","family":"Ribi\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"El\u00e9onore","family":"Roussel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6306-703X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Sturari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Svetina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Trov\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul Andreas","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8860-3962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Zangrando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5491-7752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Callegari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Fajardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Poletto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Zeitoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7643-9840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Giannessi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"De Ninno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6641","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2010.176","volume":"4","author":"P Emma","year":"2010","unstructured":"Emma, P. et al. First lasing and operation of an angstrom-wavelength free-electron laser. Nat. Photonics 4, 6641\u20136647 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2012.141","volume":"6","author":"T Ishikawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ishikawa, T. et al. A compact X-ray free-electron laser emitting in the sub-angstrom region. Nat. Photonics 6, 540\u2013544 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2007.76","volume":"1","author":"W Ackermann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ackermann, W. et al. Operation of a free-electron laser from the extreme ultraviolet to the water window. Nat. Photonics 1, 336\u2013342 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2012.180","volume":"6","author":"J Amann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Amann, J. et al. Demonstration of self-seeding in a hard-X-ray free-electron laser. Nat. Photonics 6, 693\u2013698 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2012.233","volume":"6","author":"E Allaria","year":"2012","unstructured":"Allaria, E. et al. Highly coherent and stable pulses from the FERMI seeded free-electron laser in the extreme ultraviolet. Nat. Photonics 6, 699\u2013704 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224801","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.92.224801","volume":"92","author":"AA Zholents","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zholents, A. A. & Fawley, W. M. Proposal for intense attosecond radiation from an X-ray free-electron laser. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 224801 (2004).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"074801","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.92.074801","volume":"92","author":"P Emma","year":"2004","unstructured":"Emma, P. et al. Femtosecond and subfemtosecond X-ray pulses from a self-amplified spontaneous-emission-based free-electron laser. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 074801 (2004).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"050702","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevSTAB.9.050702","volume":"9","author":"EL Saldin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Saldin, E. L., Schneidmiller, E. A. & Yurkov, M. V. Self-amplified spontaneous emission FEL with energy-chirped electron beam and its application for generation of attosecond x-ray pulses. Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 9, 050702 (2006).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams"},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203901","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.100.203901","volume":"100","author":"NR Thompson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thompson, N. R. & McNeil, B. W. J. Mode locking in a free-electron laser amplifier. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 203901 (2008).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144801","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.106.144801","volume":"106","author":"L Giannessi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Giannessi, L. et al. Self-amplified spontaneous emission free-electron laser with an energy-chirped electron beam and undulator tapering. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 144801 (2011).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203901","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.100.203901","volume":"100","author":"E Prat","year":"2008","unstructured":"Prat, E. & Reiche, S. Simple method to generate terawatt-attosecond X-ray free-electron-laser pulses. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 203901 (2008).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"084801","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.110.084801","volume":"110","author":"T Tanaka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tanaka, T. Proposal for a pulse-compression scheme in X-ray free-electron lasers to generate a multiterawatt, attosecond X-ray pulse. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 084801 (2015).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR13","first-page":"115","volume":"98","author":"D Gauthier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gauthier, D. et al. Spectrotemporal shaping of seeded free-electron laser pulses. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 115 (2015).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2010.176","volume":"4","author":"G Sansone","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sansone, G., Poletto, L. & Nisoli, M. High-energy attosecond light sources. Nat. Photonics 4, 641\u2013647 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4018(85)90120-8","volume":"56","author":"D Strickland","year":"1985","unstructured":"Strickland, D. & Mourou, G. Compression of amplified chirped optical pulses. Opt. Commun. 56, 219\u2013221 (1985).","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5481.932","volume":"289","author":"LH Yu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yu, L. H. et al. High-gain harmonic-generation free-electron laser. Science 289, 932\u2013934 (2000).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2013.01.063","volume":"712","author":"C Feng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Feng, C. et al. Chirped pulse amplification in a seeded free-electron laser for generating high-power ultra-short radiation. Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. A 712, 113\u2013119 (2013).","journal-title":"Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. A"},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4480","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.49.4480","volume":"49","author":"LH Yu","year":"1994","unstructured":"Yu, L. H. et al. Femtosecond free-electron laser by chirped pulse amplification. Phys. Rev. E 49, 4480 (1994).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2004.04.133","volume":"528","author":"A Doyuran","year":"2004","unstructured":"Doyuran, A. et al. Chirped pulse amplification of HGHG-FEL at DUV-FEL facility at BNL. Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. A 528, 467\u2013470 (2004).","journal-title":"Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. A"},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR20","unstructured":"Yu, L. H. et al. in Proceedings of FEL 2006, BESSY 194\u2013197 (Berlin, Germany, 2006)."},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.60.1825","volume":"60","author":"GT Moore","year":"1988","unstructured":"Moore, G. T. Frequency chirping of the free-electron laser. Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 1825 (1988).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elspec.2010.12.039","volume":"184","author":"X Shu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shu, X. et al. Chirped pulse amplification in a free-electron laser amplifier. J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 184, 350\u2013353 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom."},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"030702","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevSTAB.15.030702","volume":"15","author":"D Ratner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ratner, D. et al. Laser phase errors in seeded free electron lasers. Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 15, 030702 (2012).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams"},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7985","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.54.007985","volume":"54","author":"L Poletto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Poletto, L. & Frassetto, F. Grating configurations to compress extreme-ultraviolet ultrashort pulses. Appl. Opt. 54, 7985\u20137992 (2015).","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1080\/09500340701306751","volume":"54","author":"A Maquet","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maquet, A. & Ta\u00efeb, R. Two-colour IR+XUV spectroscopies: the soft-photon approximation. J. Mod. Opt. 54, 1487\u20131857 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Mod. Opt."},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9002(00)00126-1","volume":"445","author":"C Pellegrini","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pellegrini, C. High power femtosecond pulses from an X-ray SASE-FEL. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 445, 124\u2013127 (2000).","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2008.04.054","volume":"593","author":"F Frassetto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Frassetto, F., Giannessi, L. & Poletto, L. Compression of XUV FEL pulses in the few-femtosecond regime. Nucl. Instrum Methods Phys. Res. A 593, 14\u201316 (2008).","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum Methods Phys. Res. A"},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2012.246","volume":"6","author":"E Oliva","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oliva, E. et al. A proposal for multi-tens of GW fully coherent femtosecond soft X-ray lasers. Nat. Photonics 6, 764\u2013767 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.45.003253","volume":"45","author":"M Pascolini","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pascolini, M. et al. Gratings in a conical diffraction mounting for an extreme-ultraviolet time-delay-compensated monochromator. Appl. Opt. 45, 3253\u20133262 (2006).","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2013.277","volume":"7","author":"E Allaria","year":"2013","unstructured":"Allaria, E. et al. Two-stage seeded soft-X-ray free-electron laser. Nat. Photonics 7, 913\u2013918 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1039\/C3CP53673D","volume":"16","author":"B Dick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dick, B. Inverting ion images without Abel inversion: maximum entropy reconstruction of velocity maps. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, 570 (2014).","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR32","unstructured":"Siegman, A. E. Lasers Univ. Science Books (1986)."},{"key":"BFncomms13688_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"033849","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.88.033849","volume":"88","author":"D Gauthier","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gauthier, D. et al. Direct spectrotemporal characterization of femtosecond extreme-ultraviolet pulses. Phys. Rev. A 88, 033849 (2013).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms13688.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms13688","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms13688.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T09:36:12Z","timestamp":1672824972000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms13688"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,23]]}},"alternative-id":["BFncomms13688"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms13688","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 June 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 October 2016","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 December 2016","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"13688"}}