{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T02:10:08Z","timestamp":1773454208306,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,4]],"date-time":"2015-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1423008000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,4]],"date-time":"2015-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1423008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neuronal variability in sensory cortex predicts perceptual decisions. This relationship, termed choice probability (CP), can arise from sensory variability biasing behaviour and from top-down signals reflecting behaviour. To investigate the interaction of these mechanisms during the decision-making process, we use a hierarchical network model composed of reciprocally connected sensory and integration circuits. Consistent with monkey behaviour in a fixed-duration motion discrimination task, the model integrates sensory evidence transiently, giving rise to a decaying bottom-up CP component. However, the dynamics of the hierarchical loop recruits a concurrently rising top-down component, resulting in sustained CP. We compute the CP time-course of neurons in the medial temporal area (MT) and find an early transient component and a separate late contribution reflecting decision build-up. The stability of individual CPs and the dynamics of noise correlations further support this decomposition. Our model provides a unified understanding of the circuit dynamics linking neural and behavioural variability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,4]],"date-time":"2015-02-04T12:17:57Z","timestamp":1423052277000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":168,"title":["Sensory integration dynamics in a hierarchical network explains choice probabilities in cortical area MT"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Klaus","family":"Wimmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Compte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Roxin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Diogo","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Renart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"de la Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113038","volume":"30","author":"JI Gold","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gold, J. I. & Shadlen, M. N. The neural basis of decision making. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 30, 535\u2013574 (2007).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1017\/S095252380000715X","volume":"13","author":"KH Britten","year":"1996","unstructured":"Britten, K. H., Newsome, W. T., Shadlen, M. N., Celebrini, S. & Movshon, J. A. A relationship between behavioral choice and the visual responses of neurons in macaque MT. Vis. Neurosci. 13, 87\u2013100 (1996).","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-062111-150403","volume":"35","author":"H Nienborg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nienborg, H., Cohen, M. R. & Cumming, B. G. Decision-related activity in sensory neurons: correlations among neurons and with behavior. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 35, 463\u2013483 (2012).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR4","unstructured":"Smith, J. E. T., Masse, N. Y., Zhan, C. A. & Cook, E. P. inVisual Cortex\u2014Current Status and Perspectives eds Molotchnikoff S., Rouat J. 161\u2013184InTech (2012)."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.02.019","volume":"62","author":"R Sasaki","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sasaki, R. & Uka, T. Dynamic readout of behaviorally relevant signals from area MT during task switching. Neuron 62, 147\u2013157 (2009).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2191","volume":"11","author":"Y Gu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gu, Y., Angelaki, D. E. & Deangelis, G. C. Neural correlates of multisensory cue integration in macaque MSTd. Nat. Neurosci. 11, 1201\u20131210 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(04)00186-2","volume":"42","author":"T Uka","year":"2004","unstructured":"Uka, T. & DeAngelis, G. C. Contribution of area MT to stereoscopic depth perception: choice-related response modulations reflect task strategy. Neuron 42, 297\u2013310 (2004).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4809","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-13-04809.2001","volume":"21","author":"JV Dodd","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dodd, J. V., Krug, K., Cumming, B. G. & Parker, A. J. Perceptually bistable three-dimensional figures evoke high choice probabilities in cortical area MT. J. Neurosci. 21, 4809\u20134821 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07821","volume":"459","author":"H Nienborg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nienborg, H. & Cumming, B. G. Decision-related activity in sensory neurons reflects more than a neuron\u2019s causal effect. Nature 459, 89\u201392 (2009).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6635","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5179-08.2009","volume":"29","author":"MR Cohen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cohen, M. R. & Newsome, W. T. Estimates of the contribution of single neurons to perception depend on timescale and noise correlation. J. Neurosci. 29, 6635\u20136648 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-04-01486.1996","volume":"16","author":"MN Shadlen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Shadlen, M. N., Britten, K. H., Newsome, W. T. & Movshon, J. A. A computational analysis of the relationship between neuronal and behavioral responses to visual motion. J. Neurosci. 16, 1486\u20131510 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3309","volume":"16","author":"RM Haefner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Haefner, R. M., Gerwinn, S., Macke, J. H. & Bethge, M. Inferring decoding strategies from choice probabilities in the presence of correlated variability. Nat. Neurosci. 16, 235\u2013242 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/370140a0","volume":"370","author":"E Zohary","year":"1994","unstructured":"Zohary, E., Shadlen, M. N. & Newsome, W. T. Correlated neuronal discharge rate and its implications for psychophysical performance. Nature 370, 140\u2013143 (1994).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.08.007","volume":"60","author":"MR Cohen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cohen, M. R. & Newsome, W. T. Context-dependent changes in functional circuitry in visual area MT. Neuron 60, 162\u2013173 (2008).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2003.1415","volume":"359","author":"K Krug","year":"2004","unstructured":"Krug, K. A common neuronal code for perceptual processes in visual cortex? Comparing choice and attentional correlates in V5\/MT. Philos. Trans. R Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 359, 929\u2013941 (2004).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14160","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1916-09.2009","volume":"29","author":"TM Herrington","year":"2009","unstructured":"Herrington, T. M. & Assad, J. A. Neural activity in the middle temporal area and lateral intraparietal area during endogenously cued shifts of attention. J. Neurosci. 29, 14160\u201314176 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00408-1","volume":"31","author":"PR Roelfsema","year":"2001","unstructured":"Roelfsema, P. R. & Spekreijse, H. The representation of erroneously perceived stimuli in the primary visual cortex. Neuron 31, 853\u2013863 (2001).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15241","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2171-10.2010","volume":"30","author":"MR Cohen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cohen, M. R. & Maunsell, J. H. R. A neuronal population measure of attention predicts behavioral performance on individual trials. J. Neurosci. 30, 15241\u201315253 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/21176","volume":"399","author":"S Treue","year":"1999","unstructured":"Treue, S. & Martinez-Trujillo, J. C. Feature-based attention influences motion processing gain in macaque visual cortex. Nature 399, 575\u2013579 (1999).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1304","volume":"7","author":"PR Roelfsema","year":"2004","unstructured":"Roelfsema, P. R., Lamme, V. A. F. & Spekreijse, H. Synchrony and covariation of firing rates in the primary visual cortex during contour grouping. Nat. Neurosci. 7, 982\u2013991 (2004).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2439","volume":"12","author":"MR Cohen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cohen, M. R. & Maunsell, J. H. R. Attention improves performance primarily by reducing interneuronal correlations. Nat. Neurosci. 12, 1594\u20131600 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.09.013","volume":"63","author":"JF Mitchell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mitchell, J. F., Sundberg, K. A. & Reynolds, J. H. Spatial attention decorrelates intrinsic activity fluctuations in macaque area V4. Neuron 63, 879\u2013888 (2009).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1179850","volume":"327","author":"A Renart","year":"2010","unstructured":"Renart, A. et al. The asynchronous state in cortical circuits. Science 327, 587\u2013590 (2010).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523898154160","volume":"15","author":"W Bair","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bair, W. & O\u2019Keefe, L. P. The influence of fixational eye movements on the response of neurons in area MT of the macaque. Vis. Neurosci. 15, 779\u2013786 (1998).","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-05-01676.2001","volume":"21","author":"W Bair","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bair, W., Zohary, E. & Newsome, W. T. Correlated firing in macaque visual area MT: time scales and relationship to behavior. J. Neurosci. 21, 1676\u20131697 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3661","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5106-04.2005","volume":"25","author":"A Kohn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kohn, A. & Smith, M. A. Stimulus dependence of neuronal correlation in primary visual cortex of the macaque. J. Neurosci. 25, 3661\u20133673 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)01092-9","volume":"36","author":"X-J Wang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wang, X.-J. Probabilistic decision making by slow reverberation in cortical circuits. Neuron 36, 955\u2013968 (2002).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1996.8.6.1185","volume":"8","author":"W Bair","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bair, W. & Koch, C. Temporal precision of spike trains in extrastriate cortex of the behaving macaque monkey. Neural Comput. 8, 1185\u20131202 (1996).","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4761-07.2008","volume":"28","author":"R Kiani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kiani, R., Hanks, T. D. & Shadlen, M. N. Bounded integration in parietal cortex underlies decisions even when viewing duration is dictated by the environment. J. Neurosci. 28, 3017\u20133029 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR30","first-page":"237","volume":"7","author":"DJ Amit","year":"1997","unstructured":"Amit, D. J. & Brunel, N. Model of global spontaneous activity and local structured activity during delay periods in the cerebral cortex. Cereb. Cortex N. Y. N 1991 7, 237\u2013252 (1997).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex N. Y. N 1991"},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5293.1724","volume":"274","author":"Cvan Vreeswijk","year":"1996","unstructured":"Vreeswijk, C. van & Sompolinsky, H. Chaos in neuronal networks with balanced excitatory and inhibitory activity. Science 274, 1724\u20131726 (1996).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3870","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-10-03870.1998","volume":"18","author":"MN Shadlen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Shadlen, M. N. & Newsome, W. T. The variable discharge of cortical neurons: implications for connectivity, computation, and information coding. J. Neurosci. 18, 3870\u20133896 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000046","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000046","volume":"4","author":"A Roxin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Roxin, A. & Ledberg, A. Neurobiological models of two-choice decision making can be reduced to a one-dimensional nonlinear diffusion equation. PLoS. Comput. Biol. 4, e1000046 (2008).","journal-title":"PLoS. Comput. Biol."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6295","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1121274109","volume":"109","author":"A Polk","year":"2012","unstructured":"Polk, A., Litwin-Kumar, A. & Doiron, B. Correlated neural variability in persistent state networks. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 6295\u20136300 (2012).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00398","volume":"25","author":"N Cain","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cain, N. & Shea-Brown, E. Impact of correlated neural activity on decision-making performance. Neural Comput. 25, 289\u2013327 (2013).","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800010269","volume":"10","author":"KH Britten","year":"1993","unstructured":"Britten, K. H., Shadlen, M. N., Newsome, W. T. & Movshon, J. A. Responses of neurons in macaque MT to stochastic motion signals. Vis. Neurosci. 10, 1157\u20131169 (1993).","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1169405","volume":"324","author":"R Kiani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kiani, R. & Shadlen, M. N. Representation of confidence associated with a decision by neurons in the parietal cortex. Science 324, 759\u2013764 (2009).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3733-05.2006","volume":"26","author":"K-F Wong","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wong, K.-F. & Wang, X.-J. A recurrent network mechanism of time integration in perceptual decisions. J. Neurosci. 26, 1314\u20131328 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00010.2009","volume":"101","author":"X Huang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huang, X. & Lisberger, S. G. Noise correlations in cortical area MT and their potential impact on trial-by-trial variation in the direction and speed of smooth-pursuit eye movements. J. Neurophysiol. 101, 3012\u20133030 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.06.015","volume":"71","author":"Y Gu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gu, Y. et al. Perceptual learning reduces interneuronal correlations in macaque visual cortex. Neuron 71, 750\u2013761 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3220","volume":"15","author":"A Litwin-Kumar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Litwin-Kumar, A. & Doiron, B. Slow dynamics and high variability in balanced cortical networks with clustered connections. Nat. Neurosci. 15, 1498\u20131505 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002395","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002395","volume":"8","author":"G Deco","year":"2012","unstructured":"Deco, G. & Hugues, E. Neural network mechanisms underlying stimulus driven variability reduction. PLoS Comput. Biol. 8, e1002395 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13162","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1300098110","volume":"110","author":"A Ponce-Alvarez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ponce-Alvarez, A., Thiele, A., Albright, T. D., Stoner, G. R. & Deco, G. Stimulus-dependent variability and noise correlations in cortical MT neurons. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 13162\u201313167 (2013).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3645","volume":"17","author":"K Wimmer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wimmer, K., Nykamp, D. Q., Constantinidis, C. & Compte, A. Bump attractor dynamics in prefrontal cortex explains behavioral precision in spatial working memory. Nat. Neurosci. 17, 431\u2013439 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3844","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.9.3844","volume":"92","author":"R Ben-Yishai","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ben-Yishai, R., Bar-Or, R. L. & Sompolinsky, H. Theory of orientation tuning in visual cortex. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 3844\u20133848 (1995).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2011.00033","volume":"5","author":"ET Rolls","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rolls, E. T. & Deco, G. Prediction of decisions from noise in the brain before the evidence is provided. Front Neurosci. 5, 33 (2011).","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1162\/089976699300016827","volume":"11","author":"LF Abbott","year":"1999","unstructured":"Abbott, L. F. & Dayan, P. The effect of correlated variability on the accuracy of a population code. Neural Comput. 11, 91\u2013101 (1999).","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"051904","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.64.051904","volume":"64","author":"H Sompolinsky","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sompolinsky, H., Yoon, H., Kang, K. & Shamir, M. Population coding in neuronal systems with correlated noise. Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 64, 051904 (2001).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14272","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2539-11.2011","volume":"31","author":"AS Ecker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ecker, A. S., Berens, P., Tolias, A. S. & Bethge, M. The effect of noise correlations in populations of diversely tuned neurons. J. Neurosci. 31, 14272\u201314283 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1888","volume":"7","author":"BB Averbeck","year":"2006","unstructured":"Averbeck, B. B., Latham, P. E. & Pouget, A. Neural correlations, population coding and computation. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 7, 358\u2013366 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00125","volume":"23","author":"J Beck","year":"2011","unstructured":"Beck, J., Bejjanki, V. R. & Pouget, A. Insights from a simple expression for linear fisher information in a recurrently connected population of spiking neurons. Neural Comput. 23, 1484\u20131502 (2011).","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14419","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1004906107","volume":"107","author":"G Tkacik","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tkacik, G., Prentice, J. S., Balasubramanian, V. & Schneidman, E. Optimal population coding by noisy spiking neurons. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 14419\u201314424 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90629.2008","volume":"100","author":"JI Gold","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gold, J. I., Law, C.-T., Connolly, P. & Bennur, S. The relative influences of priors and sensory evidence on an oculomotor decision variable during perceptual learning. J. Neurophysiol. 100, 2653\u20132668 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.07.066","volume":"19","author":"TH Donner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Donner, T. H., Siegel, M., Fries, P. & Engel, A. K. Buildup of choice-predictive activity in human motor cortex during perceptual decision making. Curr. Biol. 19, 1581\u20131585 (2009).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6467","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1316181111","volume":"111","author":"A Pooresmaeili","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pooresmaeili, A., Poort, J. & Roelfsema, P. R. Simultaneous selection by object-based attention in visual and frontal cortex. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 6467\u20136472 (2014).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10420","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4684-04.2005","volume":"25","author":"AC Huk","year":"2005","unstructured":"Huk, A. C. & Shadlen, M. N. Neural activity in macaque parietal cortex reflects temporal integration of visual motion signals during perceptual decision making. J. Neurosci. 25, 10420\u201310436 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanks, T. D. et al. Distinct relationships of parietal and prefrontal cortices to evidence accumulation. Nature doi:10.1038\/nature14066 (2015).","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14066"},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08275","volume":"461","author":"A Resulaj","year":"2009","unstructured":"Resulaj, A., Kiani, R., Wolpert, D. M. & Shadlen, M. N. Changes of mind in decision-making. Nature 461, 263\u2013266 (2009).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3612","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4010-11.2012","volume":"32","author":"J Drugowitsch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Drugowitsch, J., Moreno-Bote, R., Churchland, A. K., Shadlen, M. N. & Pouget, A. The cost of accumulating evidence in perceptual decision making. J. Neurosci. 32, 3612\u20133628 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19060","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1263-13.2013","volume":"33","author":"SM Fleming","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fleming, S. M., Maloney, L. T. & Daw, N. D. The irrationality of categorical perception. J. Neurosci. 33, 19060\u201319070 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR61","unstructured":"Haefner, R. M., Berkes, P. & Fiser, J. Perceptual decision-making as probabilistic inference by neural sampling. Preprint at http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1409.0257 (2014)."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000456","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000456","volume":"5","author":"E Nordlie","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nordlie, E., Gewaltig, M.-O. & Plesser, H. E. Towards reproducible descriptions of neuronal network models. PLoS Comput. Biol. 5, e1000456 (2009).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.01.026.2009","volume":"3","author":"DFM Goodman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Goodman, D. F. M. & Brette, R. The Brian simulator. Front Neurosci. 3, 192\u2013197 (2009).","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4745","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-12-04745.1992","volume":"12","author":"KH Britten","year":"1992","unstructured":"Britten, K. H., Shadlen, M. N., Newsome, W. T. & Movshon, J. A. The analysis of visual motion: a comparison of neuronal and psychophysical performance. J. Neurosci. 12, 4745\u20134765 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2501","volume":"13","author":"MM Churchland","year":"2010","unstructured":"Churchland, M. M. et al. Stimulus onset quenches neural variability: a widespread cortical phenomenon. Nat. Neurosci. 13, 369\u2013378 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3403","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00471.2012","volume":"108","author":"I Kang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kang, I. & Maunsell, J. H. R. Potential confounds in estimating trial-to-trial correlations between neuronal response and behavior using choice probabilities. J. Neurophysiol. 108, 3403\u20133415 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.02.002","volume":"46","author":"P Neri","year":"2006","unstructured":"Neri, P. & Levi, D. M. Receptive versus perceptive fields from the reverse-correlation viewpoint. Vision Res. 46, 2465\u20132474 (2006).","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.2.000284","volume":"2","author":"EH Adelson","year":"1985","unstructured":"Adelson, E. H. & Bergen, J. R. Spatiotemporal energy models for the perception of motion. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 2, 284\u2013299 (1985).","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"BFncomms7177_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06028","volume":"448","author":"J Rocha","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rocha, J., de la, Doiron, B., Shea-Brown, E., Josi\u0107, K. & Reyes, A. Correlation between neural spike trains increases with firing rate. Nature 448, 802\u2013806 (2007).","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms7177.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms7177","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms7177.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T12:18:11Z","timestamp":1672921091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms7177"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,4]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,5]]}},"alternative-id":["BFncomms7177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms7177","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 November 2014","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 December 2014","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2015","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"6177"}}