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Multilevel Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression were used to explore the associations between the presence and severity of congenital anomalies.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The mean total PedsQL\u2122 GCS score for children with a mild congenital anomaly was lower than the respective value for children without a congenital anomaly by 3.7 points (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), controlling for socioeconomic variables only; this effect was attenuated when accumulatively adjusting for perinatal characteristics (3.3 points (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05)) and neonatal morbidities (3.1 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05)). The mean total PedsQL\u2122 GCS scores for children who had a severe congenital anomaly were lower by 7.1 points (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), 6.6 points (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and 6.0 points (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) when accumulatively adjusting for socioeconomic, perinatal and neonatal variables, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study revealed that the presence and severity of congenital anomalies are significant predictors of HRQoL outcomes in children born very preterm.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>Children born very preterm with congenital anomalies experience poorer health-related quality of life (HRQoL) than their very preterm counterparts born without congenital anomalies.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>Increased severity of these anomalies compounds the negative impacts on HRQoL.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings can be used by stakeholders for clinical and planning purposes.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n              <\/jats:list>\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03521-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]],"date-time":"2024-09-07T01:02:01Z","timestamp":1725670921000},"page":"1711-1721","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Health-related quality of life at 5 years of age for children born very preterm with congenital anomalies: a multi-national cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1254-5038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung Wook","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lazaros","family":"Andronis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rolf F.","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Heili","family":"Varendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anna-Veera","family":"Sepp\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Siljehav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elizabeth S.","family":"Draper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Zeitlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stavros","family":"Petrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"On behalf of the SHIPS Research Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"Belgium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J.","family":"Lebeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P.","family":"Van Reempts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"E.","family":"Bruneel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"E.","family":"Cloet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Oostra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"E.","family":"Ortibus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"I.","family":"Sarrechia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"Denmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"K.","family":"Boerch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P.","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"Estonia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L.","family":"Toome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"H.","family":"Varendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M.","family":"M\u00e4nnamaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"France","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P. 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