{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:17Z","timestamp":1771545617838,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]],"date-time":"2024-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]],"date-time":"2024-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Very preterm birth (&lt;32 weeks gestation, VP), immigrant background, and language barriers are all independently associated with a high risk for mental health problems in childhood, but research has neglected the long-term development of immigrant children born VP. We assessed whether behavioural and socio-emotional problems of 5-year-old children born VP growing up across different language contexts in the European Union are associated with an immigrant background and linguistic distance of families\u2019 mother tongue (L1) to the host countries\u2019 official languages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data are from a population-based cohort including all VP births in 2011\/12 in 11 European countries; a total of 3,067 children were followed up at 2 and 5 years of age. Behavioural and socio-emotional difficulties were assessed using the parent-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mixed-effects models showed that a larger linguistic distance of children\u2019s L1 to the host countries\u2019 official language was associated with higher SDQ total scores (0.02 [0.01, 0.03]), after adjusting for a wide range of social risks, biological, and perinatal clinical factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Language barriers in the form of linguistic distance between VP children\u2019s L1 and countries\u2019 official languages play a critically important role for the behavioural and socio-emotional development of immigrant children born VP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Immigrant children born very preterm across Europe face systemic inequalities such as language barriers. Language barriers can be operationalised as a continuous linguistic distance score between children\u2019s mother tongues and countries\u2019 official languages. Linguistic distance plays an important role for the behavioural and socio-emotional development of immigrant children born VP. Research, policy, and practice need to better account for language barriers to increase equity in health and education.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03623-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]],"date-time":"2024-11-24T06:53:14Z","timestamp":1732431194000},"page":"134-142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations of language barriers with very preterm children\u2019s behavioural and socio-emotional problems across Europe"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6123-3375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Jaekel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adrien M.","family":"Aubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nils","family":"Jaekel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Zeitlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"the SHIPS Research group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J.","family":"Lebeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P.","family":"Van Reempts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"E.","family":"Bruneel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"E.","family":"Cloet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Oostra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"E.","family":"Ortibus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"I.","family":"Sarrechia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"K.","family":"Boerch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P.","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L.","family":"Toome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"H.","family":"Varendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M.","family":"M\u00e4nnamaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P. Y.","family":"Ancel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Burguet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P. H.","family":"Jarreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"V.","family":"Pierrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P.","family":"Truffert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R. F.","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M.","family":"Zemlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"B.","family":"Misselwitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L.","family":"Wohlers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M.","family":"Cuttini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"I.","family":"Croci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"V.","family":"Carnielli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"G.","family":"Ancora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"G.","family":"Faldella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"F.","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C.","family":"Koopman-Esseboom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J.","family":"Gadzinowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J.","family":"Mazela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"T.","family":"Piku\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"H.","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"U.","family":"Aden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"E. S.","family":"Draper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Fenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S. J.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S.","family":"Mader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"N.","family":"Thiele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"Pfeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S.","family":"Petrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S. W.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L.","family":"Andronis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J.","family":"Zeitlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"Aubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C.","family":"Bonnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R.","family":"El Rafei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A. V.","family":"Sepp\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"3623_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30451-0","volume":"7","author":"S Chawanpaiboon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chawanpaiboon, S. et al. Global, regional, and national estimates of levels of preterm birth in 2014: a systematic review and modelling analysis. Lancet Glob. health 7, e37\u2013e46 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. health"},{"key":"3623_CR2","unstructured":"March of Dimes, PMNCH, Save the Children & WHO. Born Too Soon: The Global Action Report on Preterm Birth (World Health Organization, 2012)"},{"key":"3623_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00522-6","volume":"401","author":"JE Lawn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lawn, J. E. et al. Small babies, big risks: global estimates of prevalence and mortality for vulnerable newborns to accelerate change and improve counting. Lancet 401, 1707\u20131719 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3623_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2988","volume":"120","author":"A Farooqi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Farooqi, A., Hagglof, B., Sedin, G., Gothefors, L. & Serenius, F. Mental health and social competencies of 10- to 12-year-old children born at 23 to 25 weeks of gestation in the 1990s: A Swedish National Prospective Follow-up Study. Pediatrics 120, 118\u2013133 (2007).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3623_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-devpsych-121318-084804","volume":"1","author":"D Wolke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wolke, D., Johnson, S. & Mendon\u00e7a, M. The life course consequences of very preterm birth. Annu. Rev. Dev. Psychol. 1, 69\u201392 (2019).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"3623_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12358","volume":"56","author":"S Eryigit Madzwamuse","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eryigit Madzwamuse, S., Baumann, N., Jaekel, J., Bartmann, P. & Wolke, D. Neuro-cognitive performance of very preterm or very low birth weight adults at 26 years. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 56, 857\u2013864 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"3623_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15132","volume":"64","author":"J Jaekel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jaekel, J. et al. Mathematical performance in childhood and early adult outcomes after very preterm birth: an individual participant data meta-analysis. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 64, 421\u2013428 (2022).","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"3623_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.03.049","volume":"235","author":"T Janevic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Janevic, T. et al. Racial and economic neighborhood segregation, site of delivery, and morbidity and mortality in neonates born very preterm. J. Pediatr. 235, 116\u2013123 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"3623_CR9","unstructured":"IOM. (International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2019)."},{"key":"3623_CR10","unstructured":"UN. International Migrant Stock 2020. (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2020, 2020)"},{"key":"3623_CR11","unstructured":"UN. International Migrant Stock 2019. (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2019)"},{"key":"3623_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12122-020-09316-1","volume":"42","author":"I Bousmah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bousmah, I., Grenier, G. & Gray, D. M. Linguistic distance, languages of work and wages of immigrants in Montreal. J. Labor Res. 42, 1\u201328 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Labor Res."},{"key":"3623_CR13","unstructured":"OECD. Percentage of non-native speakers, by first language spoken at home and understood. (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, 2018)"},{"key":"3623_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/1369183X.2017.1304208","volume":"44","author":"D Auer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Auer, D. Language Roulette \u2013 the effect of random placement on refugees\u2019 labour market integration. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 44, 341\u2013362 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Ethn. Migr. Stud."},{"key":"3623_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckad078","volume":"33","author":"M Eslier","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eslier, M. et al. Association between language barrier and inadequate prenatal care utilization among migrant women in the precare prospective cohort study. Eur. J. Public Health 33, 403\u2013410 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"3623_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hamwi, S., Barros, H. & Lorthe, E. Migrant-native disparities in obstetric neuraxial analgesia use: the role of host-country language proficiency. Anesth. Analg., https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006370 (9900).","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006370"},{"key":"3623_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12618","volume":"49","author":"S Hamwi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hamwi, S., Lorthe, E. & Barros, H. Host-country language proficiency and migrant-native disparities in prenatal care utilization: a nationwide study in Portugal. Birth 49, 474\u2013485 (2022).","journal-title":"Birth"},{"key":"3623_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2004.40153.x","volume":"19","author":"DA Dewalt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dewalt, D. A., Berkman, N. D., Sheridan, S., Lohr, K. N. & Pignone, M. P. Literacy and health outcomes: a systematic review of the literature. J. Gen. Intern. Med 19, 1228\u20131239 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med"},{"key":"3623_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32114-7","volume":"392","author":"I Abubakar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abubakar, I. et al. The Ucl-Lancet Commission on Migration and Health: The health of a world on the move. Lancet 392, 2606\u20132654 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3623_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01848.x","volume":"49","author":"G Stevens","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stevens, G. & Vollebergh, W. A. M. Mental health in migrant children. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 49, 276\u2013294 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"3623_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716413000544","volume":"36","author":"JA Willard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Willard, J. A., Agache, A., Jaekel, J., Gl\u00fcck, C. W. & Leyendecker, B. Family factors predicting vocabulary in Turkish as a heritage language. Appl. Psycholinguist. 36, 875\u2013898 (2015).","journal-title":"Appl. Psycholinguist."},{"key":"3623_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3233\/DEV-2011-11075","volume":"5","author":"J J\u00e4kel","year":"2011","unstructured":"J\u00e4kel, J., Sch\u00f6lmerich, A., Kassis, W. & Leyendecker, B. Mothers\u2019 and Fathers\u2019 book reading predicts preschoolers\u2019 development in Turkish immigrant and German families. Int. J. Dev. Sci. 5, 27\u201339 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Sci."},{"key":"3623_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12485","volume":"44","author":"ISSOP.","year":"2018","unstructured":"ISSOP. Issop position statement on migrant child health. Child Care Health Dev. 44, 161\u2013170 (2018).","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev."},{"key":"3623_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-014-9918-3","volume":"24","author":"J Jaekel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jaekel, J., Leyendecker, B. & Agache, A. Family and individual factors associated with Turkish Immigrant and German children\u2019s and adolescents\u2019 mental health. J. Child Fam. Stud. 24, 1097\u20131105 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"3623_CR25","unstructured":"Autor:innengruppe_Bildungsberichterstattung. Bildung in Deutschland 2022. (wbv Publikation, Bielefeld, 2022)"},{"key":"3623_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1080\/0966369X.2022.2126826","volume":"30","author":"T Bastia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bastia, T., Datta, K., Hujo, K., Piper, N. & Walsham, M. Reflections on intersectionality: a journey through the worlds of migration research, policy and advocacy. Gend., Place Cult. 30, 460\u2013483 (2023).","journal-title":"Gend., Place Cult."},{"key":"3623_CR27","unstructured":"Crenshaw, K. W. On Intersectionality: Essential Writings, Vol. 255 (Columbia Law School, 2017)"},{"key":"3623_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-007-9112-9","volume":"35","author":"B Zwirs","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zwirs, B. et al. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among children of different ethnic origin. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 35, 556\u2013566 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"3623_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2375-4494.1000307","volume":"4","author":"J Jaekel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jaekel, J., Leyendecker, B. & Agache, A. Inconsistent paternal behavior predicts Turkish immigrant and German children\u2019s and adolescents\u2019 mental health. J. Child Adolesc. Behav. 4, 1\u20135 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Behav."},{"key":"3623_CR30","first-page":"193","volume":"27","author":"K Kohl","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kohl, K., Jaekel, J. & Leyendecker, B. Schl\u00fcsselfaktor Elterliche Beteiligung: Warum Lehrkr\u00e4fte T\u00fcrkischst\u00e4mmige Und Deutsche Kinder Aus Belasteten Familien H\u00e4ufig Als Verhaltensauff\u00e4llig Einstufen. - Parental involvement in school is the key to teacher judgments of Turkish immigrant and German children\u2019s behavior problems. Z. f.\u00fcr. Familienforschung 27, 193\u2013207 (2015).","journal-title":"Z. f.\u00fcr. Familienforschung"},{"key":"3623_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0209981","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209981","volume":"14","author":"N Jaekel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jaekel, N., Jaekel, J., Willard, J. & Leyendecker, B. No evidence for effects of Turkish immigrant children\u2019s bilingualism on executive functions. PLoS One 14, e0209981 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"3623_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494818779853","volume":"47","author":"CJ Mock-Mu\u00f1oz de Luna","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mock-Mu\u00f1oz de Luna, C. J., Vitus, K., Torslev, M. K., Krasnik, A. & Jervelund, S. S. Ethnic inequalities in child and adolescent health in the Scandinavian Welfare States: The role of parental socioeconomic status \u2013 a systematic review. Scand. J. Public Health 47, 679\u2013689 (2019).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"key":"3623_CR33","unstructured":"Stein, J. S., H\u00fcning, B., Dathe, A. K. & Jaekel, J. in 50 Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Neonatologie und P\u00e4diatrische Intensivmedizin (GNPI) (Conventus Congressmanagement & Marketing GmbH, 2024)."},{"key":"3623_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3358","volume":"26","author":"A Clarke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Clarke, A. & Isphording, I. E. Language barriers and immigrant health. Health Econ. 26, 765\u2013778 (2017).","journal-title":"Health Econ."},{"key":"3623_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaekel, N., Ritter, M. & Jaekel, J. Associations of Students\u2019 Linguistic Distance to the Language of Instruction and Classroom Composition with English Reading and Listening Skills. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 1-23 (2023).","DOI":"10.1017\/S0272263123000268"},{"key":"3623_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/14790718.2017.1350185","volume":"15","author":"C Gooskens","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gooskens, C. et al. Mutual intelligibility between closely related languages in Europe. Int. J. Multiling. 15, 169\u2013193 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Multiling."},{"key":"3623_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2019.104056","volume":"194","author":"J Schepens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schepens, J., van Hout, R. & Jaeger, T. F. Big data suggest strong constraints of linguistic similarity on adult language learning. Cognition 194, 104056 (2020).","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"3623_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1017\/S0272263110000021","volume":"32","author":"FWP Van der Slik","year":"2010","unstructured":"Van der Slik, F. W. P. Acquisition of Dutch as a second language: the explanative power of cognate and genetic linguistic distance measures for 11 West European First Languages. Stud. Second Lang. Acquis. 32, 401\u2013432 (2010).","journal-title":"Stud. Second Lang. Acquis."},{"key":"3623_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2020.101911","volume":"81","author":"F Borgonovi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Borgonovi, F. & Ferrara, A. Academic achievement and sense of belonging among non-native-speaking immigrant students: the role of linguistic distance. Learn. Individ. Differences 81, 101911 (2020).","journal-title":"Learn. Individ. Differences"},{"key":"3623_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1080\/00343404.2017.1395003","volume":"52","author":"S Str\u00f8m","year":"2018","unstructured":"Str\u00f8m, S., Piazzalunga, D., Venturini, A. & Villosio, C. Wage Assimilation of Immigrants and Internal Migrants: The Role of Linguistic Distance. Reg. Stud. 52, 1423\u20131434 (2018).","journal-title":"Reg. Stud."},{"key":"3623_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6032","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1016970108","volume":"108","author":"A Goodman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goodman, A., Joyce, R. & Smith, J. P. The long shadow cast by childhood physical and mental problems on adult life. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 108, 6032\u20136037 (2011).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."},{"key":"3623_CR42","unstructured":"Lawrence, D. et al. The mental health of children and adolescents. report on the second Australian child and Adolescent Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. (Department of Health, Canberra, 2015)."},{"key":"3623_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e75","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796022000580","volume":"31","author":"C Ceccarelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ceccarelli, C. et al. Adverse childhood experiences and global mental health: avenues to reduce the burden of child and adolescent mental disorders. Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci. 31, e75 (2022).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci."},{"key":"3623_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12121211","volume":"12","author":"BM H\u00fcning","year":"2024","unstructured":"H\u00fcning, B. M. et al. Perinatal outcomes of immigrant mothers and their infants born very preterm across Germany. Healthcare 12, 1211 (2024).","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"3623_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gagnon, A. J. et al. Migration to Western industrialised countries and perinatal health: a systematic review. Soc. Sci. Med. 69 (2009).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.06.027"},{"key":"3623_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12281","volume":"120","author":"J Zeitlin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zeitlin, J. et al. Preterm birth time trends in Europe: A study of 19 countries. Bjog 120, 1356\u20131365 (2013).","journal-title":"Bjog"},{"key":"3623_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibertoni, D. et al. Neurodevelopmental trajectories of preterm infants of italian native-born and migrant mothers and role of neonatal feeding. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124588"},{"key":"3623_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14516","volume":"108","author":"S van Veen","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Veen, S. et al. Multilingualism was associated with lower cognitive outcomes in children who were born very and extremely preterm. Acta Paediatr. 108, 479\u2013485 (2019).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"3623_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.09.001","volume":"61","author":"ES Twilhaar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Twilhaar, E. S. et al. Profiles of functioning in 5.5-year-old very preterm born children in France: The Epipage-2 Study. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 61, 881\u2013891 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"3623_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F36","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-313697","volume":"104","author":"AKE Bonamy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bonamy, A. K. E. et al. Wide variation in severe neonatal morbidity among very preterm infants in European regions. Arch. Dis. Child. - Fetal Neonatal Ed. 104, F36\u2013F45 (2019).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. - Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"3623_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz270","volume":"49","author":"J Zeitlin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zeitlin, J. et al. Cohort profile: effective perinatal intensive care in Europe (Epice) very preterm birth cohort. Int. J. Epidemiol. 49, 372\u2013386 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"3623_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x","volume":"38","author":"R Goodman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Goodman, R. The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a research note. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 38, 581\u2013586 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"3623_CR53","unstructured":"Wichmann, S., Brown, C. H. & Holman, E. W. The Asjp Database (Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 2020)"},{"key":"3623_CR54","first-page":"707","volume":"10","author":"V Levenshtein","year":"1966","unstructured":"Levenshtein, V. Binary codes capable of correcting deletions, insertions, and reversals. BibSonomy Cybrn. Control Theory 10, 707\u2013710 (1966).","journal-title":"BibSonomy Cybrn. Control Theory"},{"key":"3623_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2010.05.011","volume":"389","author":"S Wichmann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wichmann, S., Holman, E. W., Bakker, D. & Brown, C. H. Evaluating linguistic distance measures. Phys. A: Stat. Mech. Appl. 389, 3632\u20133639 (2010).","journal-title":"Phys. A: Stat. Mech. Appl."},{"key":"3623_CR56","unstructured":"UNESCO. International Standard Classification of Education. Isced 2011 (2012)."},{"key":"3623_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aubert, A. M. et al. Movement difficulties at age five among extremely preterm infants. Pediatrics 149 (2022).","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-054920"},{"key":"3623_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-021-01264-3","volume":"21","author":"A Piedvache","year":"2021","unstructured":"Piedvache, A. et al. Strategies for assessing the impact of loss to follow-up on estimates of neurodevelopmental impairment in a very preterm cohort at 2 years of age. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 21, 118 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"3623_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2005.07.013","volume":"29","author":"JW Berry","year":"2005","unstructured":"Berry, J. W. Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures. Int. J. Intercult. Relat. 29, 697\u2013712 (2005).","journal-title":"Int. J. Intercult. Relat."},{"key":"3623_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15154-4","volume":"23","author":"S Hamwi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hamwi, S., Lorthe, E., Severo, M. & Barros, H. Migrant and native women\u2019s perceptions of prenatal care communication quality: the role of host-country language proficiency. BMC Public Health 23, 295 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"3623_CR61","unstructured":"Leyendecker, B. et al. Learning a host country: a plea to strengthen parents\u2019 roles and to encourage children\u2019s bilingual development. The challenges of diaspora migration\u2013Interdisciplinary perspectives on Israel and Germany, 289-304 (2013)."},{"key":"3623_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-005-0906-1","volume":"40","author":"WA Vollebergh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vollebergh, W. A. et al. Mental health in immigrant children in the Netherlands. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 40, 489\u2013496 (2005).","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"3623_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-006-0550-7","volume":"15","author":"B Zwirs","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zwirs, B., Burger, H., Buitelaar, J. K. & Schulpen, T. W. J. Ethnic differences in parental detection of externalizing disorders. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 15, 418\u2013426 (2006).","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"3623_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.12537","volume":"58","author":"AC Alc\u00e1ntara","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alc\u00e1ntara, A. C., S\u00e1nchez-Mart\u00ed, A. & Rovira, J. P. Languages of origin and education in Europe: A systematic review. Eur. J. Educ. 58, 151\u2013165 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Educ."},{"key":"3623_CR65","first-page":"187","volume":"216","author":"A Sch\u00f6lmerich","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6lmerich, A., Leyendecker, B., Citlak, B., Caspar, U. & Jaekel, J. Assessment of migrant and minority children. Z. f.\u00fcr. Psychol.\/J. Psychol. 216, 187\u2013194 (2008).","journal-title":"Z. f.\u00fcr. Psychol.\/J. Psychol."},{"key":"3623_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1080\/19424620.2011.657831","volume":"2","author":"K von Klitzing","year":"2011","unstructured":"von Klitzing, K. Why Do Fathers Matter? Fam. Sci. 2, 156\u2013158 (2011).","journal-title":"Fam. Sci."},{"key":"3623_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000525","volume":"54","author":"JK Scott","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scott, J. K., Nelson, J. A. & Dix, T. Interdependence among mothers, fathers, and children from early to middle childhood: parents\u2019 sensitivity and children\u2019s externalizing behavior. Dev. Psychol. 54, 1528\u20131541 (2018).","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"3623_CR68","first-page":"148","volume":"24","author":"J Jaekel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jaekel, J., Wolke, D. & Leyendecker, B. Resilience in preschool children: to what degree can a stimulating home literacy environment compensate biological and socio-cultural adversity? Z. fuer Familienforschung 24, 148\u2013159 (2012).","journal-title":"Z. fuer Familienforschung"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-024-03623-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-024-03623-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-024-03623-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T23:02:10Z","timestamp":1771542130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-024-03623-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["3623"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-024-03623-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3998","1530-0447"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3998","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-0447","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 November 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Parental consent was obtained for their child\u2019s and their own participation at both follow-up waves.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent statement"}}]}}