{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T12:22:27Z","timestamp":1774614147373,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Nutr"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-026-01721-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T11:45:45Z","timestamp":1774611945000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identifying the most sustainable foods using two different approaches: a priori versus a posteriori"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8945-3708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Rei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Catarina Campos","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8960-2160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duarte","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2063-4815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin","family":"Sage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0647-5018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1721_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.851826","volume":"9","author":"M Aceves-Martins","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aceves-Martins M, Bates RL, Craig LCA, Chalmers N, Horgan G, Boskamp B, et al. Food-level analysis to identify dietary choices with the highest nutritional quality and lowest greenhouse gas emissions and price. Front Nutr. 2022;9:851826. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.851826.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"1721_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2014.02.002","volume":"114","author":"G Masset","year":"2014","unstructured":"Masset G, Soler LG, Vieux F, Darmon N. Identifying sustainable foods: the relationship between environmental impact, nutritional quality, and prices of foods representative of the French diet. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014;114:862\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jand.2014.02.002.","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"1721_CR3","unstructured":"FAO. Sustainable diets and biodiversity: directions and solutions for policy, research and action. Rome, Italy: FAO Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division; 2012. https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/i3022e\/i3022e.pdf."},{"key":"1721_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1185383","volume":"327","author":"HC Godfray","year":"2010","unstructured":"Godfray HC, Beddington JR, Crute IR, Haddad L, Lawrence D, Muir JF, et al. Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science. 2010;327:812\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1185383.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1721_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31788-4","volume":"393","author":"W Willett","year":"2019","unstructured":"Willett W, Rockstr\u00f6m J, Loken B, Springmann M, Lang T, Vermeulen S, et al. Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT\u2013Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Lancet. 2019;393:447\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31788-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1721_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e980","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuae081","volume":"83","author":"M Rei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rei M, Costa A, Sosa S, da Costa S, Torres D, Sage C, et al. Multicriteria measures to assess the sustainability of diets: a systematic review. Nutr Rev. 2024;83:e980\u2013e990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuae081.","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"1721_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665113000013","volume":"72","author":"MC Ock\u00e9","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ock\u00e9 MC. Evaluation of methodologies for assessing the overall diet: dietary quality scores and dietary pattern analysis. Proc Nutr Soc. 2013;72:191\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0029665113000013.","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"1721_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Panagiotakos D. \u03b1-priori versus \u03b1-posterior methods in dietary pattern analysis: a review in nutrition epidemiology. Nutr Bull. 2008;33:311\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0029665113000013.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665113000013"},{"key":"1721_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1301\/nr.2004.may.177-203","volume":"62","author":"PK Newby","year":"2004","unstructured":"Newby PK, Tucker KL. Empirically derived eating patterns using factor or cluster analysis: a review. Nutr Rev. 2004;62:177\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1301\/nr.2004.may.177-203.","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"1721_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.2196\/resprot.8990","volume":"7","author":"C Lopes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lopes C, Torres D, Oliveira A, Severo M, Guiomar S, Alarc\u00e3o V, et al. National food, nutrition, and physical activity survey of the Portuguese general population (2015\u20132016): protocol for design and development. JMIR Res Protoc. 2018;7:e42 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/resprot.8990.","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"1721_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341E","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2017.EN1341","volume":"14","author":"C Lopes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lopes C, Torres D, Oliveira A, Severo M, Guiomar S, Alarc\u00e3o V, et al. National Food, nutrition and physical activity survey of the Portuguese general population. EFSA Support Publ. 2017;14:1341E https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/sp.efsa.2017.EN1341.","journal-title":"EFSA Support Publ"},{"key":"1721_CR12","first-page":"569","volume":"45","author":"GR Goldberg","year":"1991","unstructured":"Goldberg GR, Black AE, Jebb SA, Cole TJ, Murgatroyd PR, Coward WA, et al. Critical evaluation of energy intake data using fundamental principles of energy physiology: 1. Derivation of cut-off limits to identify under-recording. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1991;45:569\u201381.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1721_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801376","volume":"24","author":"AE Black","year":"2000","unstructured":"Black AE. Critical evaluation of energy intake using the Goldberg cut-off for energy intake: basal metabolic rate. A practical guide to its calculation, use and limitations. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24:1119\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801376.","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"1721_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.2.324","volume":"88","author":"AJ Moshfegh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Moshfegh AJ, Rhodes DG, Baer DJ, Murayi T, Clemens JC, Rumpler WV, et al. The US Department of Agriculture Automated Multiple-Pass Method reduces bias in the collection of energy intakes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:324\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/88.2.324.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1721_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"EFSA. The food classification and description system FoodEx 2 (revision 2). EFSA Support Publ. 2015;12:804E. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/sp.efsa.2015.EN-804.","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2015.EN-804"},{"key":"1721_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"EFSA. The food classification and description system FoodEx 2 (draft-revision 1). EFSA Support Publ. 2011;8:215E. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/sp.efsa.2011.EN-215.","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2011.EN-215"},{"key":"1721_CR17","unstructured":"Rei M, Carvalho C, Torres D, Sage C, Rodrigues S. Identifying sustainable foods from among those culturally acceptable by Portuguese adults (18\u201384 years old): a multicriteria analysis. (submitted for publication)"},{"key":"1721_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980018003762","volume":"22","author":"CA Monteiro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Monteiro CA, Cannon G, Levy RB, Moubarac JC, Louzada ML, Rauber F, et al. Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them. Public Health Nutr. 2019;22:936\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1368980018003762.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"1721_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.101360","volume":"139","author":"VL Fulgoni 3rd","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fulgoni VL 3rd, Keast DR, Drewnowski A. Development and validation of the nutrient-rich foods index: a tool to measure nutritional quality of foods. J Nutr. 2009;139:1549\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/jn.108.101360.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"1721_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.17534887.2007.00003.x","volume":"66","author":"A Drewnowski","year":"2008","unstructured":"Drewnowski A, Fulgoni V 3rd. Nutrient profiling of foods: creating a nutrient-rich food index. Nutr Rev. 2008;66:23\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.17534887.2007.00003.x.","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"1721_CR21","unstructured":"European Parliament, Council of the European Union. Regulation No 1169\/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011 on the provision of food information to consumers. Off J Eur Union. 2011;304:18\u201363. https:\/\/eur475.lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32011R1169."},{"key":"1721_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1462","volume":"8","author":"AG Kristjansdottir","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kristjansdottir AG, Johannsson E, Thorsdottir I. Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for carbohydrates and dietary fibre. EFSA J. 2010;8:1462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1462.","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"1721_CR23","unstructured":"WHO. Guideline: sugars intake for adults and children. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2015. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241549028."},{"key":"1721_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2019.104617","volume":"27","author":"E Mertens","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mertens E, Kaptijn G, Kuijsten A, van Zanten H, Geleijnse JM, van \u2018t Veer P. SHARP-Indicators Database towards a public database for environmental sustainability. Data Brief. 2019;27:104617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dib.2019.104617.","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"1721_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.137973","volume":"416","author":"C Carvalho","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carvalho C, Correia D, Costa SA, Lopes C, Torres D. Assessing the environmental impact of diet\u2014Influence of using different databases of foods\u2019 environmental footprints. J Clean Prod. 2023;416:137973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.137973.","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"1721_CR26","unstructured":"Larguesa A. Mercadona ultrapassa Minipre\u00e7o. Lidl refor\u00e7a p\u00f3dio dos supermercados ECO2023 [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024]. Available from: https:\/\/eco.sapo.pt\/2023\/03\/13\/mercadona-ultrapassa-minipreco-lidl-reforca-podio-dos-supermercados\/."},{"key":"1721_CR27","unstructured":"INE. Harmonized index of consumer prices (HICP, Base - 2015) by Individual consumption by purpose; Monthly [Internet]. 2023 [cited August 2023]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ine.pt\/xportal\/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&contecto=pi&indOcorrCod=0000105&selTab=tab0&xlang=en."},{"key":"1721_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015000579","volume":"18","author":"G Masset","year":"2015","unstructured":"Masset G, Vieux F, Darmon N. Which functional unit to identify sustainable foods? Public Health Nutr. 2015;18:2488\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980015000579.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"1721_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.2307\/1412159","volume":"15","author":"C Spearman","year":"1904","unstructured":"Spearman C. The proof and measurement of association between two things. Am J Psychol. 1904;15:72\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1412159.","journal-title":"Am J Psychol"},{"key":"1721_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1021\/ci00065a010","volume":"30","author":"RG Lawson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lawson RG, Jurs PC. New index for clustering tendency and its application to chemical problems. J Chem Inf Comput Sci. 1990;30:36\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ci00065a010.","journal-title":"J Chem Inf Comput Sci"},{"key":"1721_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0427(87)90125-7","volume":"20","author":"PJ Rousseeuw","year":"1987","unstructured":"Rousseeuw PJ. Silhouettes: a graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis. J Comput Appl Math. 1987;20:53\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0377-0427(87)90125-7.","journal-title":"J Comput Appl Math"},{"key":"1721_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordon A. Classification. 2nd ed. New York: Chapman & Hall\/CRC; 1999.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781584888536"},{"key":"1721_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thorndike RL. Who belongs in the family? Psychometrika. 1953;18:267\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02289263.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289263"},{"key":"1721_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aceves-Martins M, Bates RL, Craig LCA, Chalmers N, Horgan G, Boskamp B, et al. Nutritional quality, environmental impact and cost of ultra-processed foods: a UK Food-Based Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19063191.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063191"},{"key":"1721_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13282-x","volume":"22","author":"RE Vellinga","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vellinga RE, van Bakel M, Biesbroek S, Toxopeus IB, de Valk E, Hollander A, et al. Evaluation of foods, drinks and diets in the Netherlands according to the degree of processing for nutritional quality, environmental impact and food costs. BMC Public Health. 2022;22:877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-022-13282-x.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1721_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.07.003","volume":"34","author":"L Antoniazzi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Antoniazzi L, Miranda RC, Rauber F, Afonso C, Santos C, Lopes C, et al. Inadequate intakes of fatty acids attributed to the ultra-processed foods consumed by Portuguese population: the upper project. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2024;34:2546\u201354.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"1721_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-022-03057-w","volume":"62","author":"L Antoniazzi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Antoniazzi L, de Miranda RC, Rauber F, de Moraes MM, Afonso C, Santos C, et al. Ultra-processed food consumption deteriorates the profile of micronutrients consumed by Portuguese adults and elderly: the UPPER project. Eur J Nutr. 2023;62:1131\u201341.","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"1721_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2120584119","volume":"119","author":"M Clark","year":"2022","unstructured":"Clark M, Springmann M, Rayner M, Scarborough P, Hill J, Tilman D, et al. Estimating the environmental impacts of 57,000 food products. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2022;119:e2120584119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2120584119.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1721_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2016.08.029","volume":"131","author":"C van Dooren","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Dooren C, Douma A, Aiking H, Vellinga P. Proposing a novel index reflecting both climate impact and nutritional impact of food products. Ecol Econ. 2017;131:389\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2016.08.029.","journal-title":"Ecol Econ"},{"key":"1721_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuae207","volume":"83","author":"O Tompa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tompa O, Kiss A, So\u00f3s S, Lakner Z, Raner A, Kasza G, et al. Fifteen years of NOVA food-processing classification: \u201cfriend or foe\u201d among sustainable diet indicators? A scoping review. Nutr Rev. 2025;83:771\u2013791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuae207.","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"1721_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223s-8s","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.073395","volume":"99","author":"A Drewnowski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Drewnowski A, Fulgoni VL. 3rd. Nutrient density: principles and evaluation tools. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99:1223s-8s. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.113.073395.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1721_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2008.53","volume":"63","author":"A Drewnowski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Drewnowski A, Maillot M, Darmon N. Should nutrient profiles be based on 100 g, 100 kcal or serving size? Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009;63:898\u2013904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ejcn.2008.53.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1721_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes C, Torres D, Oliveira A, Severo M, Alarc\u00e3o V, Guiomar S, et al. National food, nutrition, and physical activity survey of the Portuguese general population, IAN-AF 2015\u20132016: Summary of Results. Portugal, Porto: University of Porto; 2018. https:\/\/ian-af.up.pt\/sites\/default\/files\/IANAF%20Summary%20of%20Results_0.pdf.","DOI":"10.2196\/resprot.8990"},{"key":"1721_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"EFSA Panel On Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens, Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, de Henauw S, et al. Scientific advice related to nutrient profiling for the development of harmonised mandatory front-of-pack nutrition labelling and the setting of nutrient profiles for restricting nutrition and health claims on foods. EFSA J. 2022;20:e07259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2022.7259.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2022.7259"},{"key":"1721_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14040729","volume":"14","author":"TP de Ara\u00fajo","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Ara\u00fajo TP, de Moraes MM, Afonso C, Santos C, Rodrigues SSP. Food processing: comparison of different food classification systems. Nutrients. 2022;14:729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14040729.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1721_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-014-0092-0","volume":"3","author":"JC Moubarac","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moubarac JC, Parra DC, Cannon G, Monteiro CA. Food classification systems based on food processing: significance and implications for policies and actions: a systematic literature review and assessment. Curr Obes Rep. 2014;3:256\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13679-014-0092-0.","journal-title":"Curr Obes Rep"},{"key":"1721_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-020-00604-1","volume":"19","author":"X Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen X, Zhang Z, Yang H, Qiu P, Wang H, Wang F, et al. Consumption of ultra-processed foods and health outcomes: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Nutr J. 2020;19:86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12937-020-00604-1.","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"1721_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj2023-077310","volume":"384","author":"MM Lane","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lane MM, Gamage E, Du S, Ashtree DN, McGuinness AJ, Gauci S, et al. Ultra-processed food exposure and adverse health outcomes: umbrella review of epidemiological meta-analyses. BMJ. 2024;384:e077310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj2023-077310.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1721_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3359","DOI":"10.1017\/s136898002300232x","volume":"26","author":"NN Liyanapathirana","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liyanapathirana NN, Grech A, Li M, Malik A, Ribeiro R, Burykin T, et al. Nutritional, environmental and economic impacts of ultra-processed food consumption in Australia. Public Health Nutr. 2023;26:3359\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s136898002300232x.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"1721_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-013-0312-630","volume":"5","author":"GB Keding","year":"2013","unstructured":"Keding GB, Schneider K, Jordan I. Production and processing of foods as core aspects of nutrition-sensitive agriculture and sustainable diets. Food Secur. 2013;5:825\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12571-013-0312-630.","journal-title":"Food Secur"},{"key":"1721_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.11.026","volume":"108","author":"D Knorr","year":"2021","unstructured":"Knorr D, Augustin MA. Food processing needs, advantages and misconceptions. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2021;108:103\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.11.026.","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41430-026-01721-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41430-026-01721-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41430-026-01721-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T11:45:51Z","timestamp":1774611951000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41430-026-01721-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["1721"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41430-026-01721-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-3007","1476-5640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-3007","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study involved the secondary processing of data from the IAN-AF, which received ethical approval from the National Commission for Data Protection, the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto, and the Ethics Committees of each Regional Health Administration. All participants provided written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and national legislation. A pseudo-anonymized database was used for the analysis.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}