{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T17:40:44Z","timestamp":1767894044258,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]],"date-time":"2022-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642809600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]],"date-time":"2022-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eye"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background\/objectives<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To characterise the prevalence and three-year progression of centre-involving diabetic macular oedema (CI-DMO) in minimal to moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and measurements of retinal fluid using tissue optical reflectivity ratios (OCT-Leakage).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods\/methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Seventy-four eyes from 74 patients were followed in a 3-year prospective longitudinal observational cohort of type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), OCT-Angiography (OCT-A) and OCT-Leakage (OCT-L). Eyes were examined four times with 1-year intervals. Sixteen eyes (17.8%) were excluded from the analysis due to quality control standards. Retinal oedema was measured by central retinal thickness and retinal fluid by using optical reflectivity ratios obtained with the OCT-L algorithm. Vessel density was measured by OCT-A. Thinning of the ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers (GCL\u2009+\u2009IPL) was examined to identify retinal neurodegenerative changes. Diabetic retinopathy ETDRS classification was performed using the seven-field ETDRS protocol.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>CI-DMO was identified in the first visit in 9% of eyes in ETDRS groups 10\u201320, 10% of eyes in ETDRS group 35 and 15% of eyes in ETDRS groups 43\u201347. The eyes with CI-DMO and subclinical CI-DMO showed a progressive increase in retinal extracellular fluid during the 3-year period of follow-up. The eyes with CI-DMO and increased retinal extracellular fluid accumulation were associated with vision loss.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The prevalence of subclinical CI-DMO and CI-DMO in the initial stages of NPDR occurs independently of severity grading of the retinopathy, showing progressive increase in retinal extracellular fluid and this increase is associated with vision loss (82% 9 out of 11 cases).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-022-01937-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]],"date-time":"2022-01-22T12:02:57Z","timestamp":1642852977000},"page":"313-319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Characterisation of progression of macular oedema in the initial stages of diabetic retinopathy: a 3-year longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Lobo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Torcato","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"In\u00eas P.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6282-3553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria H.","family":"Madeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3761-3292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Figueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Cunha-Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"1937_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e339","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70113-X","volume":"1","author":"RRA Bourne","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bourne RRA, Stevens GA, White RA, Smith JL, Flaxman SR, Price H, et al. Causes of vision loss worldwide, 1990\u20132010: a systematic analysis. Lancet Glob. Heal. 2013;1:e339\u201349.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Heal"},{"key":"1937_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6776","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19999","volume":"57","author":"J Cunha-Vaz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cunha-Vaz J, Santos T, Ribeiro L, Alves D, Marques I, Goldberg M. OCT-leakage: A new method to identify and locate abnormal fluid accumulation in diabetic retinal edema. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57:6776\u201383.","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1937_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001905","volume":"39","author":"AR Santos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Santos AR, Alves D, Santos T, Figueira J, Silva R, Cunha-Vaz JG. Measurements of retinal fluid by optical coherence tomography leakage in diabetic macular edema: a biomarker of visual acuity response to treatment. 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JF reports being a member of Advisory Boards for Alimera, Allergan, Bayer, Bhoeringer, and Novartis. JC-V reports grants from Carl Zeiss Meditec and is a consultant for Alimera Sciences, Allergan, Bayer, Gene Signal, Novartis, Pfizer, Precision Ocular Ltd., Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, Vifor Pharma, and Carl Zeiss Meditec. The funders had no role in the design or writing of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}