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Here we reconstruct a dated phylogenetic tree of 262 lacertid species based on a supermatrix relying on novel phylogenomic datasets and fossil calibrations. Diversification of lacertids was accompanied by an increasing disparity among occupied bioclimatic niches, especially in the last 10\u2009Ma, during a period of progressive global cooling. Temperate species also underwent a genome-wide slowdown in molecular substitution rates compared to tropical and desert-adapted lacertids. Evaporative water loss and preferred temperature are correlated with bioclimatic parameters, indicating physiological adaptations to climate. Tropical, but also some populations of cool-adapted species experience maximum temperatures close to their preferred temperatures. We hypothesize these species-specific physiological preferences may constitute a handicap to prevail under rapid global warming, and contribute to explaining local lizard extinctions in cool and humid climates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11943-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T10:03:02Z","timestamp":1568023382000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":127,"title":["Environmental temperatures shape thermal physiology as well as diversification and genome-wide substitution rates in lizards"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Joan","family":"Garcia-Porta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3628-1137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iker","family":"Irisarri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Kirchner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1936-793X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Kirchhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jason L.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Amy","family":"MacLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alexander P.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Faraham","family":"Ahmadzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Albaladejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jelka","family":"Crnobrnja-Isailovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"De la Riva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adnane","family":"Fawzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Gal\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0526-872X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bayram","family":"G\u00f6\u00e7men","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D. 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