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To mechanically understand its function requires deciphering its cell-type wiring. Recent studies revealed that feedback between primary motor to primary somatosensory areas in mice is disinhibitory, targeting vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing interneurons, in addition to pyramidal cells. It is unknown whether this circuit motif represents a general cortico-cortical feedback organizing principle. Here we show that in contrast to this wiring rule, feedback between higher-order lateromedial visual area to primary visual cortex preferentially activates somatostatin-expressing interneurons. Functionally, both feedback circuits temporally sharpen feed-forward excitation eliciting a transient increase\u2013followed by a prolonged decrease\u2013in pyramidal cell activity under sustained feed-forward input. However, under feed-forward transient input, the primary motor to primary somatosensory cortex feedback facilitates bursting while lateromedial area to primary visual cortex feedback increases time precision. Our findings argue for multiple cortico-cortical feedback motifs implementing different dynamic non-linear operations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33883-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T06:03:55Z","timestamp":1666850635000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Distinct organization of two cortico-cortical feedback pathways"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shan","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8066-1383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Scala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jiakun","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6844-3551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Fahey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5639-7209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry","family":"Kobak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhenghuan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Na","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Reimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Sinz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4305-6376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas S.","family":"Tolias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"33883_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.77.1.24","volume":"77","author":"SJ Luck","year":"1997","unstructured":"Luck, S. 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