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Whether this adaptation affects population behavior and disease treatment remained unknown. By using a mathematical model, we estimate that the population of adipose tissue forms (ATFs) proliferates slower than blood parasites. Analysis of the ATFs proteome, measurement of protein synthesis and proliferation rates confirm that the ATFs divide on average every 12\u2009h, instead of 6\u2009h in the blood. Importantly, the population of ATFs is heterogeneous with parasites doubling times ranging between 5\u2009h and 35\u2009h. Slow-proliferating parasites remain capable of reverting to the fast proliferation profile in blood conditions. Intravital imaging shows that ATFs are refractory to drug treatment. We propose that in adipose tissue, a subpopulation of\n                    <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    parasites acquire a slow growing behavior, which contributes to disease chronicity and treatment failure.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34622-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T06:18:52Z","timestamp":1670480332000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Slow growing behavior in African trypanosomes during adipose tissue colonization"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sandra","family":"Trindade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"De Niz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1486-5403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Costa-Sequeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Bizarra-Rebelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"Bento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Dejung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8605-2212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta Valido","family":"Narciso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0196-8764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara","family":"L\u00f3pez-Escobar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7197-7279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Falk","family":"Butter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Bringaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Erida","family":"Gjini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5752-6586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa M.","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"34622_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, S. 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