{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T17:05:20Z","timestamp":1773162320398,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Commun"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63634-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T18:57:30Z","timestamp":1759172250000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Chromosome segregation dynamics during the cell cycle of Staphylococcus aureus"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Adrian","family":"Izquierdo-Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3760-9541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Sch\u00e4per","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1769-2627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio D.","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1212-4134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qin","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Coralie","family":"Tesseur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Moritz","family":"Sorg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniela S.","family":"Botinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6458-180X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xindan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7132-8842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana G.","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"63634_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gogou, C., Japaridze, A. & Dekker, C. Mechanisms for chromosome segregation in bacteria. Front. Microbiol. 12, 685687 (2021).","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.685687"},{"key":"63634_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"X. Wang, P. M. Llopis, D. Z. Rudner, Organization and segregation of bacterial chromosomes. Nat. Rev. Genet.14, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrg3375 (2013).","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3375"},{"key":"63634_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9257","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402606101","volume":"101","author":"PH Viollier","year":"2004","unstructured":"Viollier, P. H. et al. Rapid and sequential movement of individual chromosomal loci to specific subcellular locations during bacterial DNA replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 101, 9257\u20139262 (2004).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"63634_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003802","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003802","volume":"9","author":"A Harms","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harms, A., Treuner-Lange, A., Schumacher, D. & S\u00f8gaard-Andersen, L. Tracking of chromosome and replisome dynamics in Myxococcus xanthus reveals a novel chromosome arrangement. PLOS Genet. 9, e1003802 (2013).","journal-title":"PLOS Genet."},{"key":"63634_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004448","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004448","volume":"10","author":"A David","year":"2014","unstructured":"David, A. et al. The two cis-acting sites, parS1 and oriC1, contribute to the longitudinal organisation of Vibrio cholerae chromosome I. PLOS Genet. 10, e1004448 (2014).","journal-title":"PLOS Genet."},{"key":"63634_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12877","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1407461111","volume":"111","author":"X Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang, X., Montero Llopis, P. & Rudner, D. Z. Bacillus subtilis chromosome organization oscillates between two distinct patterns. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 111, 12877\u201312882 (2014).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."},{"key":"63634_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81909-1","volume":"88","author":"CD Webb","year":"1997","unstructured":"Webb, C. D. et al. Bipolar localization of the replication origin regions of chromosomes in vegetative and sporulating cells of Bacillus subtilis. Cell 88, 667\u2013674 (1997).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"63634_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00f6hm K. et al. Novel chromosome organization pattern in Actinomycetales-overlapping replication cycles combined with diploidy. mBio 8, e00511-17 (2017).","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00511-17"},{"key":"63634_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05346.x","volume":"62","author":"HJ Nielsen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nielsen, H. J., Ottesen, J. R., Youngren, B., Austin, S. J. & Hansen, F. G. The Escherichia coli chromosome is organized with the left and right chromosome arms in separate cell halves. Mol. Microbiol. 62, 331\u2013338 (2006).","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"63634_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.388406","volume":"20","author":"X Wang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wang, X., Liu, X., Possoz, C. & Sherratt, D. J. The two Escherichia coli chromosome arms locate to separate cell halves. Genes Dev. 20, 1727\u20131731 (2006).","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"63634_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03640.x","volume":"49","author":"IF Lau","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lau, I. F. et al. Spatial and temporal organization of replicating Escherichia coli chromosomes. Mol. Microbiol. 49, 731\u2013743 (2003).","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"63634_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50047-z","volume":"15","author":"K Gras","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gras, K., Fange, D. & Elf, J. The Escherichia coli chromosome moves to the replisome. Nat. Commun. 15, 6018 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"63634_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5959","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1620608114","volume":"114","author":"R van Raaphorst","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Raaphorst, R., Kjos, M. & Veening, J.-W. Chromosome segregation drives division site selection in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 114, E5959\u2013E5968 (2017).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"63634_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01999","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01999-14","volume":"6","author":"I Santi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Santi, I. & McKinney, J. D. Chromosome organization and replisome dynamics in Mycobacterium smegmatis. mBio 6, e01999\u201314 (2015).","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"63634_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.52.4.973","volume":"52","author":"H Yoshikawa","year":"1964","unstructured":"Yoshikawa, H., O\u2019Sullivan, A. & Sueoka, N. Sequential replication of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome, III. regulation of initiation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 52, 973\u2013980 (1964).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."},{"key":"63634_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"B\u00f6ttinger, B., Semmler, F., Zerulla, K., Ludt, K. & Soppa, J. Regulated ploidy of Bacillus subtilis and three new isolates of Bacillus and Paenibacillus. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 365, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsle\/fnx282 (2018).","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnx282"},{"key":"63634_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(68)90425-7","volume":"31","author":"S Cooper","year":"1968","unstructured":"Cooper, S. & Helmstetter, C. E. Chromosome replication and the division cycle of Escherichia coli B\/r. J. Mol. Biol. 31, 519\u2013540 (1968).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"63634_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8660","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01212-07","volume":"189","author":"HJ Nielsen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nielsen, H. J., Youngren, B., Hansen, F. G. & Austin, S. Dynamics of Escherichia coli chromosome segregation during multifork replication. J. Bacteriol. 189, 8660\u20138666 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"63634_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43836","volume":"7","author":"D Trojanowski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Trojanowski, D., Ho\u0142\u00f3wka, J., Ginda, K., Jakimowicz, D. & Zakrzewska-Czerwi\u0144ska, J. Multifork chromosome replication in slow-growing bacteria. Sci. Rep. 7, 43836 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"63634_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81135-6","volume":"92","author":"DC Lin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lin, D. C. & Grossman, A. D. Identification and characterization of a bacterial chromosome partitioning site. Cell 92, 675\u2013685 (1998).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"63634_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15435","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807448105","volume":"105","author":"E Toro","year":"2008","unstructured":"Toro, E., Hong, S.-H., McAdams, H. H. & Shapiro, L. Caulobacter requires a dedicated mechanism to initiate chromosome segregation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105, 15435\u201315440 (2008).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"63634_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01067-10","volume":"193","author":"R Kadoya","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kadoya, R., Baek, J. H., Sarker, A. & Chattoraj, D. K. Participation of chromosome segregation protein ParAI of Vibrio cholerae in chromosome replication. J. Bacteriol. 193, 1504\u20131514 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"63634_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e86897","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086897","volume":"9","author":"AA Iniesta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Iniesta, A. A. ParABS system in chromosome partitioning in the bacterium Myxococcus xanthus. PLOS ONE 9, e86897 (2014).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"63634_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003492","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003492","volume":"9","author":"I Vallet-Gely","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vallet-Gely, I. & Boccard, F. Chromosomal organization and segregation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS Genet. 9, e1003492 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"63634_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006428","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006428","volume":"12","author":"V Lagage","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lagage, V., Boccard, F. & Vallet-Gely, I. Regional control of chromosome segregation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLOS Genet. 12, e1006428 (2016).","journal-title":"PLOS Genet."},{"key":"63634_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.200097","volume":"10","author":"ASB Jalal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jalal, A. S. B. & Le, T. B. K. Bacterial chromosome segregation by the ParABS system. Open Biol. 10, 200097 (2020).","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"63634_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay3965","volume":"366","author":"Y-M Soh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Soh, Y.-M. et al. Self-organization of parS centromeres by the ParB CTP hydrolase. Science 366, 1129\u20131133 (2019).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"63634_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2021.09.004","volume":"81","author":"M Osorio-Valeriano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Osorio-Valeriano, M. et al. The CTPase activity of ParB determines the size and dynamics of prokaryotic DNA partition complexes. Mol. Cell 81, 3992\u20134007.e10 (2021).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"63634_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.11.015","volume":"179","author":"M Osorio-Valeriano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Osorio-Valeriano, M. et al. ParB-type DNA segregation proteins are CTP-dependent molecular switches. Cell 179, 1512\u20131524.e15 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"63634_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.53515","volume":"9","author":"AS Jalal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jalal, A. S., Tran, N. T. & Le, T. B. ParB spreading on DNA requires cytidine triphosphate in vitro. eLife 9, e53515 (2020).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"63634_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2020.06.034","volume":"79","author":"B Guilhas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guilhas, B. et al. ATP-driven separation of liquid phase condensates in bacteria. Mol. Cell 79, 293\u2013303.e4 (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"63634_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abn3299","volume":"8","author":"M Ti\u0161ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ti\u0161ma, M. et al. ParB proteins can bypass DNA-bound roadblocks via dimer-dimer recruitment. Sci. Adv. 8, eabn3299 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"63634_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8693","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01239-07","volume":"189","author":"J Livny","year":"2007","unstructured":"Livny, J., Yamaichi, Y. & Waldor, M. K. Distribution of centromere-like parS sites in Bacteria: insights from comparative genomics. J. Bacteriol. 189, 8693\u20138703 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"63634_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.02.035","volume":"137","author":"S Gruber","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gruber, S. & Errington, J. Recruitment of condensin to replication origin regions by ParB\/SpoOJ promotes chromosome segregation in B. subtilis. Cell 137, 685\u2013696 (2009).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"63634_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.04.044","volume":"137","author":"NL Sullivan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sullivan, N. L., Marquis, K. A. & Rudner, D. Z. Recruitment of SMC by ParB-parS organizes the origin region and promotes efficient chromosome segregation. Cell 137, 697\u2013707 (2009).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"63634_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.08.026","volume":"20","author":"NT Tran","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tran, N. T., Laub, M. T. & Le, T. B. K. SMC progressively aligns chromosomal arms in Caulobacter crescentus but is antagonized by convergent transcription. Cell Rep. 20, 2057\u20132071 (2017).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"63634_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111273","volume":"40","author":"FP Bock","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bock, F. P., Liu, H. W., Anchimiuk, A., Diebold-Durand, M.-L. & Gruber, S. A joint-ParB interface promotes SMC DNA recruitment. Cell Rep. 40, 111273 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"63634_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.12.049","volume":"24","author":"S Gruber","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gruber, S. et al. Interlinked sister chromosomes arise in the absence of condensin during fast replication in B. subtilis. Curr. Biol. 24, 293\u2013298 (2014).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"63634_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aai8982","volume":"355","author":"X Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, X., Brand\u00e3o, H. B., Le, T. B. K., Laub, M. T. & Rudner, D. Z. Bacillus subtilis SMC complexes juxtapose chromosome arms as they travel from origin to terminus. Science 355, 524\u2013527 (2017).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"63634_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.11.050","volume":"24","author":"X Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang, X., Tang, O. W., Riley, E. P. & Rudner, D. Z. The SMC condensin complex is required for origin segregation in Bacillus subtilis. Curr. Biol. 24, 287\u2013292 (2014).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"63634_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nunez, R. V., Polyhach, Y., Soh, Y.-M., Jeschke, G. & Gruber, S. Gradual opening of SMC arms in prokaryotic condensin. Cell Rep. 35, 109051 (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109051"},{"key":"63634_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-020-0457-x","volume":"27","author":"B-G Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee, B.-G. et al. Cryo-EM structures of holo condensin reveal a subunit flip-flop mechanism. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 27, 743\u2013751 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"63634_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2021.10.011","volume":"81","author":"F B\u00fcrmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"B\u00fcrmann, F., Funke, L. F. H., Chin, J. W. & L\u00f6we, J. Cryo-EM structure of MukBEF reveals DNA loop entrapment at chromosomal unloading sites. Mol. Cell 81, 4891\u20134906.e8 (2021).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"63634_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11911","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1812770115","volume":"115","author":"D Krepel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krepel, D., Cheng, R. R., Di Pierro, M. & Onuchic, J. N. Deciphering the structure of the condensin protein complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 115, 11911\u201311916 (2018).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"63634_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.06659","volume":"4","author":"L Wilhelm","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wilhelm, L. et al. SMC condensin entraps chromosomal DNA by an ATP hydrolysis dependent loading mechanism in Bacillus subtilis. eLife 4, e06659 (2015).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"63634_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15238-4","volume":"11","author":"K B\u00f6hm","year":"2020","unstructured":"B\u00f6hm, K. et al. Chromosome organization by a conserved condensin-ParB system in the actinobacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum. Nat. Commun. 11, 1485 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"63634_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108344","volume":"33","author":"VS Lioy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lioy, V. S., Junier, I., Lagage, V., Vallet, I. & Boccard, F. Distinct activities of bacterial condensins for chromosome management in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cell Rep. 33, 108344 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"63634_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07836.x","volume":"82","author":"MA Schwartz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schwartz, M. A. & Shapiro, L. An SMC ATPase mutant disrupts chromosome segregation in Caulobacter. Mol. Microbiol. 82, 1359\u20131374 (2011).","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"63634_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf312","volume":"53","author":"M-V Mazzuoli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mazzuoli, M.-V. et al. HU promotes higher order chromosome organization and influences DNA replication rates in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Nucleic Acids Res. 53, gkaf312 (2025).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"63634_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14583","volume":"114","author":"D Anand","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anand, D., Schumacher, D. & S\u00f8gaard-Andersen, L. SMC and the bactofilin\/PadC scaffold have distinct yet redundant functions in chromosome segregation and organization in Myxococcus xanthus. Mol. Microbiol. 114, 839\u2013856 (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"63634_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3441","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00214-10","volume":"192","author":"C Donovan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Donovan, C., Schwaiger, A., Kr\u00e4mer, R. & Bramkamp, M. Subcellular localization and characterization of the ParAB system from Corynebacterium glutamicum. J. Bacteriol. 192, 3441\u20133451 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"63634_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01315-07","volume":"190","author":"C G\u00fcthlein","year":"2008","unstructured":"G\u00fcthlein, C., Wanner, R. M., Sander, P., B\u00f6ttger, E. C. & Springer, B. A mycobacterial smc null mutant is proficient in DNA repair and long-term survival. J. Bacteriol. 190, 452\u2013456 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"63634_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4050","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2007\/011619-0","volume":"153","author":"D Jakimowicz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jakimowicz, D. et al. Characterization of the mycobacterial chromosome segregation protein ParB and identification of its target in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Microbiology 153, 4050\u20134060 (2007).","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"63634_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0120867","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120867","volume":"10","author":"P Jecz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jecz, P., Bartosik, A. A., Glabski, K. & Jagura-Burdzy, G. A single parS sequence from the cluster of four sites closest to oriC is necessary and sufficient for proper chromosome segregation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PloS One 10, e0120867 (2015).","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"63634_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10661","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.19.10661","volume":"96","author":"RB Jensen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jensen, R. B. & Shapiro, L. The Caulobacter crescentus smc gene is required for cell cycle progression and chromosome segregation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 96, 10661\u201310666 (1999).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"63634_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11242-5","volume":"10","author":"A Jung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jung, A. et al. Two-step chromosome segregation in the stalked budding bacterium Hyphomonas neptunium. Nat. Commun. 10, 3290 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"63634_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07722.x","volume":"81","author":"A Minnen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Minnen, A., Attaiech, L., Thon, M., Gruber, S. & Veening, J.-W. SMC is recruited to oriC by ParB and promotes chromosome segregation in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mol. Microbiol. 81, 676\u2013688 (2011).","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"63634_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2391","volume":"8","author":"S Jun","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jun, S. & Wright, A. Entropy as the driver of chromosome segregation. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 8, 600\u2013607 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"63634_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2005.04.012","volume":"18","author":"TG Bernhardt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bernhardt, T. G. & de Boer, P. A. J. SlmA, a nucleoid-associated, FtsZ binding protein required for blocking septal ring assembly over chromosomes in E. coli. Mol. Cell 18, 555\u2013564 (2005).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"63634_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.05.038","volume":"126","author":"M Thanbichler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thanbichler, M. & Shapiro, L. MipZ, a spatial regulator coordinating chromosome segregation with cell division in Caulobacter. Cell 126, 147\u2013162 (2006).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"63634_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07651.x","volume":"80","author":"H Veiga","year":"2011","unstructured":"Veiga, H., Jorge, A. M. & Pinho, M. G. Absence of nucleoid occlusion effector Noc impairs formation of orthogonal FtsZ rings during Staphylococcus aureus cell division. Mol. Microbiol. 80, 1366\u20131380 (2011).","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"63634_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2009.144","volume":"28","author":"LJ Wu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wu, L. J. et al. Noc protein binds to specific DNA sequences to coordinate cell division with chromosome segregation.  EMBO J. 28, 1940\u20131952 (2009).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"63634_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.06.002","volume":"117","author":"LJ Wu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wu, L. J. & Errington, J. Coordination of cell division and chromosome segregation by a nucleoid occlusion protein in Bacillus subtilis. Cell 117, 915\u2013925 (2004).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"63634_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1169218","volume":"323","author":"KS Ramamurthi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ramamurthi, K. S., Lecuyer, S., Stone, H. A. & Losick, R. Geometric cue for protein localization in a bacterium. Science 323, 1354\u20131357 (2009).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"63634_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1175685","volume":"326","author":"L Shapiro","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shapiro, L., McAdams, H. H. & Losick, R. Why and how bacteria localize proteins. Science 326, 1225\u20131228 (2009).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"63634_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13541","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906851106","volume":"106","author":"KS Ramamurthi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ramamurthi, K. S. & Losick, R. Negative membrane curvature as a cue for subcellular localization of a bacterial protein. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 106, 13541\u201313545 (2009).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."},{"key":"63634_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00720-07","volume":"190","author":"A Varma","year":"2008","unstructured":"Varma, A., Huang, K. C. & Young, K. D. The Min system as a general cell geometry detection mechanism: branch lengths in Y-shaped Escherichia coli cells affect Min oscillation patterns and division dynamics. J. Bacteriol. 190, 2106\u20132117 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"63634_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90586-2","volume":"56","author":"PA de Boer","year":"1989","unstructured":"de Boer, P. A., Crossley, R. E. & Rothfield, L. I. A division inhibitor and a topological specificity factor coded for by the minicell locus determine proper placement of the division septum in E. coli. Cell 56, 641\u2013649 (1989).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"63634_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.32471","volume":"7","author":"S Hussain","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hussain, S. et al. MreB filaments align along greatest principal membrane curvature to orient cell wall synthesis. eLife 7, e32471 (2018).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"63634_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.52482","volume":"9","author":"JA Taylor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Taylor, J. A. et al. Distinct cytoskeletal proteins define zones of enhanced cell wall synthesis in Helicobacter pylori. eLife 9, e52482 (2020).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"63634_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1025","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1317174111","volume":"111","author":"TS Ursell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ursell, T. S. et al. Rod-like bacterial shape is maintained by feedback between cell curvature and cytoskeletal localization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111, E1025\u2013E1034 (2014).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"63634_CR72","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"AS Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee, A. S. et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 4, 1\u201323 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"63634_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","volume":"399","author":"Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators","year":"2022","unstructured":"Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet 399, 629\u2013655 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"63634_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9055","volume":"6","author":"JM Monteiro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Monteiro, J. M. et al. Cell shape dynamics during the staphylococcal cell cycle. Nat. Commun. 6, 8055 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"63634_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-041222-125931","volume":"78","author":"MG Pinho","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pinho, M. G. & Foster, S. J. Cell growth and division of Staphylococcus aureus. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 78, 293\u2013310 (2024).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"63634_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1338","volume":"12","author":"MD Barbuti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barbuti, M. D., Myrbr\u00e5ten, I. S., Morales Angeles, D. & Kjos, M. The cell cycle of Staphylococcus aureus: an updated review. MicrobiologyOpen 12, e1338 (2023).","journal-title":"MicrobiologyOpen"},{"key":"63634_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17940-9","volume":"11","author":"BM Saraiva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saraiva, B. M. et al. Reassessment of the distinctive geometry of Staphylococcus aureus cell division. Nat. Commun. 11, 4097 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"63634_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.999","volume":"9","author":"H Chan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan, H., S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m, B. & Skoglund, U. Spo0J and SMC are required for normal chromosome segregation in Staphylococcus aureus. MicrobiologyOpen 9, e999 (2020).","journal-title":"MicrobiologyOpen"},{"key":"63634_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2004.09.038","volume":"240","author":"MG Pinho","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pinho, M. G. & Errington, J. A divIVA null mutant of Staphylococcus aureus undergoes normal cell division. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 240, 145\u2013149 (2004).","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"63634_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6076","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.10.6076-6085.2004","volume":"70","author":"E Charpentier","year":"2004","unstructured":"Charpentier, E. et al. Novel cassette-based shuttle vector system for Gram-positive bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70, 6076\u20136085 (2004).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"63634_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fey, P. D. et al. A genetic resource for rapid and comprehensive phenotype screening of nonessential Staphylococcus aureus genes. mBio 4, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.00537-12 (2013).","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00537-12"},{"key":"63634_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2413","volume":"10","author":"NC Shaner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shaner, N. C. et al. A bright monomeric green fluorescent protein derived from Branchiostoma lanceolatum. Nat. Methods 10, 407\u2013409 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"63634_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5194","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl682","volume":"34","author":"BTI Payne","year":"2006","unstructured":"Payne, B. T. I. et al. Replication fork blockage by transcription factor-DNA complexes in Escherichia coli. Nucleic Acids Res. 34, 5194\u20135202 (2006).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"63634_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601155","volume":"25","author":"C Possoz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Possoz, C., Filipe, S. R., Grainge, I. & Sherratt, D. J. Tracking of controlled Escherichia coli replication fork stalling and restart at repressor-bound DNA in vivo.  EMBO J. 25, 2596\u20132604 (2006).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"63634_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37456-2","volume":"14","author":"D Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, D. et al. The in vivo measurement of replication fork velocity and pausing by lag-time analysis. Nat. Commun. 14, 1762 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"63634_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006908","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006908","volume":"13","author":"T Pang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pang, T., Wang, X., Lim, H. C., Bernhardt, T. G. & Rudner, D. Z. The nucleoid occlusion factor Noc controls DNA replication initiation in Staphylococcus aureus. PLOS Genet. 13, e1006908 (2017).","journal-title":"PLOS Genet."},{"key":"63634_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1021\/cb800025k","volume":"3","author":"GV Los","year":"2008","unstructured":"Los, G. V. et al. HaloTag: a novel protein labeling technology for cell imaging and protein analysis. ACS Chem. Biol. 3, 373\u2013382 (2008).","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"63634_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.82241","volume":"12","author":"PJ Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, P. J. et al. Interdependent progression of bidirectional sister replisomes in E. coli. eLife 12, e82241 (2023).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"63634_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2633903X21000027","volume":"1","author":"BM Saraiva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saraiva, B. M., Krippahl, L., Filipe, S. R., Henriques, R. & Pinho, M. G. eHooke: A tool for automated image analysis of spherical bacteria based on cell cycle progression. Biol. Imaging 1, e3 (2021).","journal-title":"Biol. Imaging"},{"key":"63634_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2016.09.016","volume":"115","author":"J-Y Tinevez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tinevez, J.-Y. et al. TrackMate: An open and extensible platform for single-particle tracking. Methods 115, 80\u201390 (2017).","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"63634_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1997.mmi530.x","volume":"25","author":"PJ Lewis","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lewis, P. J. & Errington, J. Direct evidence for active segregation of oriC regions of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome and co-localization with the SpoOJ partitioning protein. Mol. Microbiol. 25, 945\u2013954 (1997).","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"63634_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-00949-1","volume":"6","author":"C Gallay","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gallay, C. et al. CcrZ is a pneumococcal spatiotemporal cell cycle regulator that interacts with FtsZ and controls DNA replication by modulating the activity of DnaA. Nat. Microbiol 6, 1175\u20131187 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol"},{"key":"63634_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.08.029","volume":"175","author":"MS Guo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guo, M. S., Haakonsen, D. L., Zeng, W., Schumacher, M. A. & Laub, M. T. A bacterial chromosome structuring protein binds overtwisted DNA to stimulate type II topoisomerases and enable DNA replication. Cell 175, 583\u2013597.e23 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"63634_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2115854119","volume":"119","author":"Z Ren","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ren, Z. et al. Conformation and dynamic interactions of the multipartite genome in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 119, e2115854119 (2022).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"63634_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L. Fern\u00e1ndez-Coll, et al. The absence of (p)ppGpp renders initiation of Escherichia coli chromosomal DNA synthesis independent of growth rates. mBio 11, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.03223-19 (2020).","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03223-19"},{"key":"63634_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8085","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad511","volume":"51","author":"J Fan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan, J. et al. RNA polymerase redistribution supports growth in E. coli strains with a minimal number of rRNA operons. Nucleic Acids Res. 51, 8085\u20138101 (2023).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"63634_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004731","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004731","volume":"10","author":"H Murray","year":"2014","unstructured":"Murray, H. & Koh, A. Multiple regulatory systems coordinate DNA replication with cell growth in Bacillus subtilis. PLOS Genet. 10, e1004731 (2014).","journal-title":"PLOS Genet."},{"key":"63634_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00669-15","volume":"198","author":"S Ghosh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ghosh, S., Samaddar, S., Kirtania, P. & Das Gupta, S. K. A DinB ortholog enables mycobacterial growth under dTTP-limiting conditions induced by the expression of a mycobacteriophage-derived ribonucleotide reductase gene. J. Bacteriol. 198, 352\u2013362 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"63634_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05690.x","volume":"64","author":"AM Breier","year":"2007","unstructured":"Breier, A. M. & Grossman, A. D. Whole-genome analysis of the chromosome partitioning and sporulation protein Spo0J (ParB) reveals spreading and origin-distal sites on the Bacillus subtilis chromosome. Mol. Microbiol. 64, 703\u2013718 (2007).","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"63634_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx1192","volume":"46","author":"NT Tran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tran, N. T. et al. Permissive zones for the centromere-binding protein ParB on the Caulobacter crescentus chromosome. Nucleic Acids Res. 46, 1196\u20131209 (2018).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"63634_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.67554","volume":"10","author":"FA de Balaguer","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Balaguer, F. A. et al. CTP promotes efficient ParB-dependent DNA condensation by facilitating one-dimensional diffusion from parS. Elife 10, e67554 (2021).","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"63634_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1242059","volume":"342","author":"TBK Le","year":"2013","unstructured":"Le, T. B. K., Imakaev, M. V., Mirny, L. A. & Laub, M. T. High-resolution mapping of the spatial organization of a bacterial chromosome. Science 342, 731\u2013734 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"63634_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.265876.115","volume":"29","author":"X Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang, X. et al. Condensin promotes the juxtaposition of DNA flanking its loading site in Bacillus subtilis. Genes Dev. 29, 1661\u20131675 (2015).","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"63634_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.12.027","volume":"172","author":"VS Lioy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lioy, V. S. et al. Multiscale structuring of the E. coli chromosome by nucleoid-associated and condensin proteins. Cell 172, 771\u2013783.e18 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"63634_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2015.07.020","volume":"59","author":"M Marbouty","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marbouty, M. et al. Condensin- and replication-mediated bacterial chromosome folding and origin condensation revealed by Hi-C and super-resolution imaging. Mol. Cell 59, 588\u2013602 (2015).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"63634_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2020.12.027","volume":"81","author":"X Karaboja","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karaboja, X. et al. XerD unloads bacterial SMC complexes at the replication terminus. Mol. Cell 81, 756\u2013766.e8 (2021).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"63634_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2011.09.010","volume":"44","author":"MA Umbarger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Umbarger, M. A. et al. The three-dimensional architecture of a bacterial genome and its alteration by genetic perturbation. Mol. Cell 44, 252\u2013264 (2011).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"63634_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.65467","volume":"10","author":"A Anchimiuk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anchimiuk, A. et al. A low SMC flux avoids collisions and facilitates chromosome organization in Bacillus subtilis. eLife 10, e65467 (2021).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"63634_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-021-00626-1","volume":"28","author":"HB Brand\u00e3o","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brand\u00e3o, H. B., Ren, Z., Karaboja, X., Mirny, L. A. & Wang, X. DNA-loop-extruding SMC complexes can traverse one another in vivo. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 28, 642\u2013651 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"63634_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.03012.x","volume":"45","author":"J Soppa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Soppa, J. et al. Discovery of two novel families of proteins that are proposed to interact with prokaryotic SMC proteins, and characterization of the Bacillus subtilis family members ScpA and ScpB. Mol. Microbiol. 45, 59\u201371 (2002).","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"63634_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1236083","volume":"342","author":"N Naumova","year":"2013","unstructured":"Naumova, N. et al. Organization of the mitotic chromosome. Science 342, 948\u2013953 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"63634_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-10-291","volume":"10","author":"RR Chaudhuri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chaudhuri, R. R. et al. Comprehensive identification of essential Staphylococcus aureus genes using Transposon-Mediated Differential Hybridisation (TMDH). BMC Genomics 10, 291 (2009).","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"63634_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01575","volume":"8","author":"AL Bottomley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bottomley, A. L. et al. Coordination of chromosome segregation and cell division in Staphylococcus aureus. Front. Microbiol. 8, 1575 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"63634_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4067","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00010-10","volume":"192","author":"W Yu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yu, W., Herbert, S., Graumann, P. L. & G\u00f6tz, F. Contribution of SMC (Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes) and SpoIIIE to chromosome segregation in Staphylococci. J. Bacteriol. 192, 4067\u20134073 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"63634_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01821-8","volume":"9","author":"F Ramos-Le\u00f3n","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ramos-Le\u00f3n, F. et al. PcdA promotes orthogonal division plane selection in Staphylococcus aureus. Nat. Microbiol. 9, 2997\u20133012 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"63634_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05755.x","volume":"64","author":"S Bigot","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bigot, S., Sivanathan, V., Possoz, C., Barre, F.-X. & Cornet, F. FtsK, a literate chromosome segregation machine. Mol. Microbiol. 64, 1434\u20131441 (2007).","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"63634_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2021.10.002","volume":"30","author":"H Chan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chan, H., Mohamed, A. M. T., Grainge, I. & Rodrigues, C. D. A. FtsK and SpoIIIE, coordinators of chromosome segregation and envelope remodeling in bacteria. Trends Microbiol. 30, 480\u2013494 (2022).","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"63634_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00624-4","volume":"108","author":"L Aussel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aussel, L. et al. FtsK Is a DNA motor protein that activates chromosome dimer resolution by switching the catalytic state of the XerC and XerD recombinases. Cell 108, 195\u2013205 (2002).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"63634_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13572","volume":"103","author":"H Veiga","year":"2017","unstructured":"Veiga, H. & Pinho, M. G. Staphylococcus aureus requires at least one FtsK\/SpoIIIE protein for correct chromosome segregation. Mol. Microbiol. 103, 504\u2013517 (2017).","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"63634_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2022112140","volume":"42","author":"H Veiga","year":"2023","unstructured":"Veiga, H. et al. Cell division protein FtsK coordinates bacterial chromosome segregation and daughter cell separation in Staphylococcus aureus.  EMBO J. 42, e112140 (2023).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"63634_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.02758","volume":"3","author":"HC Lim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lim, H. C. et al. Evidence for a DNA-relay mechanism in ParABS-mediated chromosome segregation. eLife 3, e02758 (2014).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"63634_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2017.02.039","volume":"112","author":"L Hu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hu, L., Vecchiarelli, A. G., Mizuuchi, K., Neuman, K. C. & Liu, J. Brownian ratchet mechanism for faithful segregation of low-copy-number plasmids. Biophys. J. 112, 1489\u20131502 (2017).","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"63634_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E7268","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616118113","volume":"113","author":"IV Surovtsev","year":"2016","unstructured":"Surovtsev, I. V., Campos, M. & Jacobs-Wagner, C. DNA-relay mechanism is sufficient to explain ParA-dependent intracellular transport and patterning of single and multiple cargos. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 113, E7268\u2013E7276 (2016).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."},{"key":"63634_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2016.05.014","volume":"110","author":"IV Surovtsev","year":"2016","unstructured":"Surovtsev, I. V., Lim, H. C. & Jacobs-Wagner, C. The slow mobility of the ParA partitioning protein underlies its steady-state patterning in Caulobacter. Biophys. J. 110, 2790\u20132799 (2016).","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"63634_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0472-z","volume":"4","author":"C Mercy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mercy, C. et al. RocS drives chromosome segregation and nucleoid protection in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Nat. Microbiol. 4, 1661\u20131670 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"63634_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5438","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw248","volume":"44","author":"MA Schumacher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schumacher, M. A., Lee, J. & Zeng, W. Molecular insights into DNA binding and anchoring by the Bacillus subtilis sporulation kinetochore-like RacA protein. Nucleic Acids Res. 44, 5438\u20135449 (2016).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"63634_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2005.02.023","volume":"17","author":"S Ben-Yehuda","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ben-Yehuda, S. et al. Defining a centromere-like element in Bacillus subtilis by identifying the binding sites for the chromosome-anchoring protein RacA. Mol. Cell 17, 773\u2013782 (2005).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"63634_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1079914","volume":"299","author":"S Ben-Yehuda","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ben-Yehuda, S., Rudner, D. Z. & Losick, R. RacA, a bacterial protein that anchors chromosomes to the cell poles. Science 299, 532\u2013536 (2003).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"63634_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12517","volume":"91","author":"M Kjos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kjos, M. & Veening, J.-W. Tracking of chromosome dynamics in live Streptococcus pneumoniae reveals that transcription promotes chromosome segregation. Mol. Microbiol. 91, 1088\u20131105 (2014).","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"63634_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3191","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.10.3191-3198.1991","volume":"173","author":"B Micka","year":"1991","unstructured":"Micka, B., Groch, N., Heinemann, U. & Marahiel, M. A. Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and characterization of the Bacillus subtilis gene encoding the DNA-binding protein HBsu. J. Bacteriol. 173, 3191\u20133198 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"63634_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00493","volume":"9","author":"M-J Ferr\u00e1ndiz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ferr\u00e1ndiz, M.-J., Carre\u00f1o, D., Ayora, S. & de la Campa, A. G. HU of Streptococcus pneumoniae is essential for the preservation of DNA supercoiling. Front. Microbiol. 9, 493 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"63634_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.68706","volume":"12","author":"J Yao","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yao, J. et al. Use of targetrons to disrupt essential and nonessential genes in Staphylococcus aureus reveals temperature sensitivity of Ll.LtrB group II intron splicing. RNA 12, 1271\u20131281 (2006).","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"63634_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02262-23","volume":"14","author":"LKR Sharkey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sharkey, L. K. R. et al. The two-component system WalKR provides an essential link between cell wall homeostasis and DNA replication in Staphylococcus aureus. mBio 14, e0226223 (2023).","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"63634_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00296","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00296-20","volume":"202","author":"C Willis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Willis, C., Errington, J. & Wu, L. J. Cohesion of sister chromosome termini during the early stages of sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 202, e00296\u201320 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"63634_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3564","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01949-06","volume":"189","author":"M Bogush","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bogush, M., Xenopoulos, P. & Piggot, P. J. Separation of chromosome termini during sporulation of Bacillus subtilis depends on SpoIIIE. J. Bacteriol. 189, 3564\u20133572 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"63634_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33357","volume":"6","author":"AN Keller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Keller, A. N. et al. Activation of Xer-recombination at dif: structural basis of the FtsK\u03b3\u2013XerD interaction. Sci. Rep. 6, 33357 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"63634_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(00)01221-9","volume":"83","author":"J Prikryl","year":"2001","unstructured":"Prikryl, J., Hendricks, E. C. & Kuempel, P. L. DNA degradation in the terminus region of resolvase mutants of Escherichia coli, and suppression of this degradation and the Dif phenotype by recD. Biochimie 83, 171\u2013176 (2001).","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"63634_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006895","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006895","volume":"13","author":"AK Sinha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sinha, A. K. et al. Division-induced DNA double strand breaks in the chromosome terminus region of Escherichia coli lacking RecBCD DNA repair enzyme. PLOS Genet. 13, e1006895 (2017).","journal-title":"PLOS Genet."},{"key":"63634_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3034","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01862-08","volume":"75","author":"H Veiga","year":"2009","unstructured":"Veiga, H. & Pinho, M. G. Inactivation of the SauI type I restriction-modification system is not sufficient to generate Staphylococcus aureus strains capable of efficiently accepting foreign DNA. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75, 3034\u20133038 (2009).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"63634_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4952","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.15.4952-4959.1992","volume":"174","author":"T Oshida","year":"1992","unstructured":"Oshida, T. & Tomasz, A. Isolation and characterization of a Tn551-autolysis mutant of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 174, 4952\u20134959 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"63634_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6887","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.11.6887-6891.2004","volume":"70","author":"M Arnaud","year":"2004","unstructured":"Arnaud, M., Chastanet, A. & D\u00e9barbouill\u00e9, M. New vector for efficient allelic replacement in naturally nontransformable, low-GC-content, gram-positive bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70, 6887\u20136891 (2004).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"63634_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","volume":"9","author":"J Schindelin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schindelin, J. et al. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat. Methods 9, 676\u2013682 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"63634_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ab0261","volume":"52","author":"RF Laine","year":"2019","unstructured":"Laine, R. F. et al. NanoJ: a high-performance open-source super-resolution microscopy toolbox. J. Phys. D. 52, 163001 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Phys. D."},{"key":"63634_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"U. Schmidt, M. Weigert, C. Broaddus, G. Myers, \u201cCell detection with star-convex polygons\u201d in Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention \u2013 MICCAI 2018, A. F. Frangi, J. A. Schnabel, C. Davatzikos, C. Alberola-L\u00f3pez, G. Fichtinger, Eds. (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2018), pp. 265\u2013273.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00934-2_30"},{"key":"63634_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2007.55","volume":"9","author":"JD Hunter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hunter, J. D. Matplotlib: a 2D graphics environment. Comput. Sci. Eng. 9, 90\u201395 (2007).","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"63634_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-4192-7_13","volume":"2866","author":"Q Liao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liao, Q. & Wang, X. Using chromosome conformation capture combined with deep sequencing (Hi-C) to study genome organization in bacteria. Methods Mol. Biol. 2866, 231\u2013243 (2025).","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."}],"container-title":["Nature Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-63634-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-63634-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-63634-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T03:32:43Z","timestamp":1759548763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-63634-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"references-count":146,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["63634"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-63634-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-1723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"8626"}}