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Here we introduce a regime-based description of the climate\u2013carbon system in which Phanerozoic evolution is organized into a small number of recurring, long-lived mega-climate states separated by relatively sharp transitions. Using recurrence diagnostics on paired carbon and oxygen stable isotope records, together with complementary early-warning indicators, we identify five persistent regimes and their boundaries. We interpret the resulting structure with a conceptual climate\u2013carbon cycle model that admits multiple coexisting equilibria, providing a mechanistic basis for state changes that switch between stable attractors under changing environmental forcings and perturbations. We connect these results to a biosphere vulnerability metric that incorporates biotic turnover with sample-standardized global diversity to show that vulnerability is systematically elevated near major regime transitions. These results suggest that transitions between persistent climate\u2013carbon attractors provide a dynamical context for why some perturbation intervals coincide with heightened biospheric stress, beyond what is expected from more gradual background environmental changes alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-75655-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T09:02:05Z","timestamp":1785834125000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transitions between persistent climate\u2013carbon regimes coincide with elevated Phanerozoic biosphere vulnerability"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2614-8794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Sudakow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1490-7378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corinne","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrej","family":"Spiridonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robertas","family":"Stankevi\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9215-5517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg","family":"Feulner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3759-9013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerie","family":"Livina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"75655_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2016.11.005","volume":"478","author":"D Bond","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bond, D. & Grasby, S. 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