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Pathologies involving dysfunction of the specialized cardiac excitatory\/conductive tissue are also common and constitute an added source of morbidity and mortality since current standard therapies withstand a great number of limitations. As electrical integrity is essential for a well-functioning heart, innovative strategies have been bioengineered to improve heart conduction and\/or promote myocardial repair, based on: (1) gene and\/or cell delivery; or (2) conductive biomaterials as tools for cardiac tissue engineering. Herein we aim to review the<jats:italic>state-of-art<\/jats:italic>in the area, while briefly describing the biological principles underlying the heart electrical\/conduction system and how this system can be disrupted in heart disease. Suggestions regarding targets for future studies are also presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41536-017-0015-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,3]],"date-time":"2017-04-03T09:19:55Z","timestamp":1491211195000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Restoring heart function and electrical integrity: closing the circuit"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Lu\u00eds Miguel","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Vasques-N\u00f3voa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lino","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6477-6030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Perp\u00e9tua","family":"Pinto-do-\u00d3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6402-4245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana Santos","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"15_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000350","volume":"133","author":"D Mozaffarian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mozaffarian, D. et al. 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