{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T20:18:17Z","timestamp":1772569097369,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]],"date-time":"2019-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553472000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat. Geosci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-019-0325-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]],"date-time":"2019-03-25T17:04:01Z","timestamp":1553533441000},"page":"301-306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Ubiquitous lower-mantle anisotropy beneath subduction zones"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9492-6415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M. G.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manuele","family":"Faccenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"William","family":"Sturgeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sung-Joon","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lewis","family":"Schardong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"325_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9201(93)90142-V","volume":"79","author":"W Spakman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Spakman, W., van der Lee, S. & van der Hilst, R. D. Travel-time tomography of the European-Mediterranean mantle down to 1400\u2009km. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 79, 3\u201374 (1993).","journal-title":"Phys. Earth Planet. Inter."},{"key":"325_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/386578a0","volume":"386","author":"RD Hilst Van der","year":"1997","unstructured":"Van der Hilst, R. D., Widiyantoro, S. & Engdahl, E. R. Evidence for deep mantle circulation from global tomography. Nature 386, 578\u2013584 (1997).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"325_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5920","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JB010466","volume":"118","author":"Y Fukao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fukao, Y. & Obayashi, M. Subducted slabs stagnant above, penetrating through, and trapped below the 660\u2009km discontinuity. J. Geophys. Res. 118, 5920\u20135938 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"325_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14876","volume":"525","author":"SW French","year":"2015","unstructured":"French, S. W. & Romanowicz, B. Broad plumes rooted at the base of the earth\u2019s mantle beneath major hotspots. Nature 525, 95\u201399 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"325_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1500815","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500815","volume":"1","author":"MD Ballmer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ballmer, M. D., Schmerr, N. C., Nakagawa, T. & Ritsema, J. Compositional mantle layering revealed by slab stagnation at ~1,000\u2009km depth. Sci. Adv 1, e1500815 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv"},{"key":"325_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1130\/G36320.1","volume":"43","author":"SD King","year":"2015","unstructured":"King, S. D., Frost, D. J. & Rubie, D. C. Why cold slabs stagnate in the transition zone. Geology 43, 231\u2013234 (2015).","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"325_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad1929","volume":"350","author":"ML Rudolph","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rudolph, M. L., Lekic, V. & Lithgow-Bertelloni, C. Viscosity jump in earth\u2019s mid-mantle. Science 350, 1349 (2015).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"325_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2393","volume":"8","author":"H Marquardt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marquardt, H. & Miyagi, L. Slab stagnation in the shallow lower mantle linked to an increase in mantle viscosity. Nat. Geosci. 8, 311\u2013314 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"325_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s00269-016-0820-y","volume":"43","author":"L Miyagi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miyagi, L. & Wenk, H.-R. Texture development and slip systems in bridgmanite and bridgmanite\u2009+\u2009ferropericlase aggregates. Phys. Chem. Miner. 43, 597\u2013613 (2016).","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Miner."},{"key":"325_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19777","volume":"539","author":"N Tsujino","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tsujino, N., Yamazaki, D., Seto, Y., Higo, Y. & Takahashi, E. Mantle dynamics inferred from the crystallographic preferred orientation of bridgmanite. Nature 539, 81\u201384 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"325_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9201(02)00037-7","volume":"131","author":"D Yamazaki","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yamazaki, D. & Karato, S.-I. Fabric development in (Mg, Fe)O during large strain, shear deformation: Implications for seismic anisotropy in Earth\u2019s lower mantle. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 131, 251\u2013267 (2002).","journal-title":"Phys. Earth Planet. Inter."},{"key":"325_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lay, T., Williams, Q., Garnero, E. J., Kellogg, L. & Wysession, M. E. in The Core-Mantle Boundary Region (eds Gurnis, M. et al.) Vol. 28 299\u2013318 (American Geophysical Union, Washington DC,1998).","DOI":"10.1029\/GD028p0299"},{"key":"325_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(03)00575-2","volume":"217","author":"C Beghein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Beghein, C. & Trampert, J. Probability density functions for radial anisotropy: implications for the upper 1200 km of the mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 217, 151\u2013162 (2003).","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"325_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2006.03100.x","volume":"167","author":"M Panning","year":"2006","unstructured":"Panning, M. & Romanowicz, B. A three-dimensional radially anisotropic model of shear velocity in the whole mantle. Geophys. J. Int. 167, 361\u2013379 (2006).","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"325_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B12325","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JB007520","volume":"115","author":"M Panning","year":"2010","unstructured":"Panning, M., Lekic, V. & Romanowicz, B. Importance of crustal corrections in the development of a new global model of radial anisotropy. J. Geophys. Res. 115, B12325 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"325_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2014.01.033","volume":"617","author":"SJ Chang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chang, S.-J., Ferreira, A. M. G., Ritsema, J., van Heijst, H. J. & Woodhouse, J. H. Global radially anisotropic mantle structure from multiple datasets: a review, current challenges, and outlook. Tectonophysics 617, 1\u201319 (2014).","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"325_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5235.458","volume":"270","author":"SI Karato","year":"1995","unstructured":"Karato, S.-I., Zhang, S. & Wenk, H.-R. Superplasticity in earth\u2019s lower mantle: evidence from seismic anisotropy and rock physics. Science 270, 458\u2013461 (1995).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"325_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e160195","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1601958","volume":"3","author":"F Boioli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boioli, F. et al. Pure climb creep mechanism drives flow in Earth\u2019s lower mantle. Sci. Adv. 3, e160195 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"325_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B07309","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JB002871","volume":"109","author":"J Wookey","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wookey, J. & Kendall, J.-M. Evidence of midmantle anisotropy from shear wave splitting and the influence of shear-coupled P wave. J. Geophys. Res. 109, B07309 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"325_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2017.02.023","volume":"465","author":"J Walpole","year":"2017","unstructured":"Walpole, J., Wookey, J., Kendall, J.-M. & Masters, T. G. Seismic anisotropy and mantle flow below subducting slabs. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 465, 155\u2013167 (2017).","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"325_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GC005667","volume":"16","author":"A Nowacki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nowacki, A., Kendall, J. M., Wookey, J. & Pemberton, A. Mid-mantle anisotropy in subduction zones and deep water transport. Geochem. Geophys. Geosys. 16, 764\u2013784 (2015).","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosys."},{"key":"325_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1029\/94RG00099","volume":"32","author":"JP Montagner","year":"1994","unstructured":"Montagner, J.-P. Can seismology tell us anything about convection in the mantle? Rev. Geophys. 32, 115\u2013137 (1994).","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"325_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10799","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10799","volume":"7","author":"SJ Chang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chang, S.-J., Ferreira, A. M. G. & Faccenda, M. Upper- and mid-mantle interaction between the samoan plume and the Tonga-Kermadec slabs. Nat. Commun. 7, 10799 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"325_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2007.03399.x","volume":"170","author":"F Marone","year":"2007","unstructured":"Marone, F. & Romanowicz, B. Non-linear crustal corrections in high-resolution waveform seismic tomography. Geophys. J. Int. 170, 460\u2013467 (2007).","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"325_CR25","first-page":"1076","volume":"172","author":"E Bozdag","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bozdag, E. & Trampert, J. On crustal corrections in surface wave tomography. Geophys. J. Int. 172, 1076\u20131088 (2007).","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"325_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B04313","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JB006716","volume":"115","author":"AMG Ferreira","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ferreira, A. M. G., Woodhouse, J. H., Visser, K. & Trampert, J. On the robustness of global radially anisotropic surface wave tomography. J. Geophys. Res. 115, B04313 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"325_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1785\/0120160142","volume":"107","author":"SJ Chang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chang, S.-J. & Ferreira, A. M. G. Improving global radial anisotropy tomography: the importance of simultaneously inverting for crustal and mantle structure. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 107, 624\u2013638 (2017).","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"325_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4278","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JB011824","volume":"120","author":"SJ Chang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chang, S.-J., Ferreira, A. M. G., Ritsema, J., van Heijst, H. J. & Woodhouse, J. H. Joint inversion for global isotropic and radially anisotropic mantle structure including crustal thickness perturbations. J. Geophys. Res. 120, 4278\u20134300 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"325_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B06306","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JB005169","volume":"113","author":"B Kustowski","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kustowski, B., Ekstr\u00f6m, G. & Dziewonski, A. M. Anisotropic shear-wave velocity structure of the earth\u2019s mantle: a global model. J. Geophys. Res. 113, B06306 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"325_CR30","first-page":"1713","volume":"199","author":"P Moulik","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moulik, P. & Ekstr\u00f6m, G. An anisotropic shear velocity model of the earth\u2019s mantle using normal modes, body waves, surface waves and long-period waveforms. J. Geophys. Res. 199, 1713\u20131738 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"325_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3006","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JB010773","volume":"119","author":"L Auer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Auer, L., Boschi, L., Becker, T. W., Nissen-Meyer, T. & Giardini, D. Savani: a variable resolution whole-mantle model of anisotropic shear velocity variations based on multiple data sets. J. Geophys. Res. 119, 3006\u20133034 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"325_CR32","unstructured":"MacQueen, J. In Proc. Fifth Berkeley Symp. Math. Stat. Prob. 281\u2013297 (University of California Press, 1967); https:\/\/projecteuclid.org\/euclid.bsmsp\/1200512992"},{"key":"325_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2008.03763.x","volume":"174","author":"C Houser","year":"2008","unstructured":"Houser, C., Masters, G., Shearer, P. & Laske, G. Shear and compressional velocity models of the mantle from cluster analysis of long-period waveforms. Geophys. J. Int. 174, 195\u2013212 (2008).","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"325_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2011.05.050","volume":"308","author":"V Lekic","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lekic, V. & Romanowicz, B. Tectonic regionalization without a priori information: a cluster analysis of upper mantle tomography. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 308, 151\u2013160 (2011).","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"325_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pepi.2013.11.015","volume":"227","author":"M Faccenda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Faccenda, M. Mid mantle seismic anisotropy around subduction zones. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 227, 1\u201319 (2014).","journal-title":"Phys. Earth Planet. Inter."},{"key":"325_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(96)00023-4","volume":"140","author":"UR Christensen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Christensen, U. R. The influence of trench migration on slab penetration into the lower mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 140, 27\u201339 (1996).","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"325_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lithos.2016.11.007","volume":"268\u2013271","author":"M Faccenda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Faccenda, M. & Dal Zilio, L. The role of solid-solid phase transitions in mantle convection. Lithos 268\u2013271, 198\u2013224 (2017).","journal-title":"Lithos"},{"key":"325_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2898","volume":"10","author":"MD Ballmer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ballmer, M. D., Houser, C., Hernlund, J. W., Wentzcovich, R. & Hirose, K. Persistence of strong silica-enriched domains in the Earth\u2019s Lower mantle. Nat. Geosci. 10, 236\u2013240 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"325_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1038\/416310a","volume":"416","author":"AK McNamara","year":"2002","unstructured":"McNamara, A. K., van Keken, P. E. & Karato, S.-I. Development of anisotropic structure in the earth\u2019s lower mantle by solid-state convection. Nature 416, 310\u2013314 (2002).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"325_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2006.02.028","volume":"245","author":"HR Wenk","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wenk, H. R., Speziale, S., McNamara, A. K. & Garnero, E. J. Modeling lower mantle anisotropy development in a subducting slab. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 245, 302\u2013314 (2006).","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"325_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mainprice, D. in Treatise on Geophysics Vol. 2 (ed. Schubert, G.) 437\u2013492 (Elsevier, 2007).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044452748-6\/00045-6"},{"key":"325_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad3113","volume":"351","author":"J Girard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Girard, J., Amulele, G., Farla, R., Mohiuddin, A. & Karato, S.-I. Shear deformation of bridgmanite and magnesiow\u00fcstite aggregates at lower mantle conditions. Science 351, 144\u2013147 (2016).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"325_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Faccenda, M. et al. Extrinsic elastic anisotropy in a compositionally heterogeneous Earth\u2019s mantle. J. Geophys. Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2018JB016482 (2019).","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JB016482"},{"key":"325_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9201(81)90046-7","volume":"25","author":"AM Dziewo\u0144ski","year":"1981","unstructured":"Dziewo\u0144ski, A. M. & Anderson, D. L. Preliminary reference earth model. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 25, 297\u2013356 (1981).","journal-title":"Phys. Earth Planet. Inter."},{"key":"325_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0880030722","volume":"88","author":"ER Engdahl","year":"1998","unstructured":"Engdahl, E. R., Van der Hilst, R. D. & Buland, R. Global teleseismic earthquake relocation with improved travel times and procedures for depth determination. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 88, 722\u2013743 (1998).","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"325_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takeuchi, H. & Saito, M. in Methods of Computational Physics Vol. 11 (ed. Bolt, B. A.) 217\u2013295 (Academic Press, New York, 1972).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-460811-5.50010-6"},{"key":"325_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1968.tb00216.x","volume":"16","author":"GE Backus","year":"1968","unstructured":"Backus, G. E. & Gilbert, J. F. The resolving power of gross earth data. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 16, 169\u2013205 (1968).","journal-title":"Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc."},{"key":"325_CR48","unstructured":"Bevington, P. R. & Robinson, D. K. Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences 3rd edn (McGraw-Hill, 2002)."},{"key":"325_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1975.tb00630.x","volume":"43","author":"D Forsyth","year":"1975","unstructured":"Forsyth, D. The early structural evolution and anisotropy of the oceanic upper mantle. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 43, 103\u2013162 (1975).","journal-title":"Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc."},{"key":"325_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerya, T. V. Introduction to Numerical Geodynamic Modelling (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2009).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511809101"},{"key":"325_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2005.04.033","volume":"236","author":"JAD Connolly","year":"2005","unstructured":"Connolly, J. A. D. Computation of phase equilibria by linear programming: a tool for geodynamic modelling and its application to subduction zone decarbonation. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 236, 524\u2013541 (2005).","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"325_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(01)00405-8","volume":"191","author":"AK McNamara","year":"2001","unstructured":"McNamara, A. K., Karato, S.-H. & van Keken, P. Localization of dislocation creep in the lower mantle: implications for the origin of seismic anisotropy. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 191, 85\u201399 (2001).","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"325_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Q03004","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GC002280","volume":"10","author":"T Nakagawa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nakagawa, T., Tackley, P. J., Deschamps, F. & Connolly, J. A. D. Incorporating self-consistently calculated mineral physics into thermochemical mantle convection simulations in a 3-D spherical shell and its influence on seismic anomalies in earth\u2019s mantle. Geochem. Geophys. Geosys. 10, Q03004 (2009).","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosys."},{"key":"325_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/ggge.20055","volume":"14","author":"M Faccenda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Faccenda, M. & Capitanio, F. A. Seismic anisotropy around subduction zones: Insights from three-dimensional modelling of upper mantle deformation and sks splitting calculations. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 14, 243\u2013262 (2013).","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst."},{"key":"325_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L11305","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL051988","volume":"39","author":"M Faccenda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Faccenda, M. & Capitanio, F. A. Development of mantle seismic anisotropy during subduction-induced 3-D flow. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L11305 (2012).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"325_CR56","unstructured":"Tommasi, A., Mainprice, D., Cordier, P., Thoroval, C. & Couvy, H. Strain-induced seismic anisotropy of wadsleyite polycrystals and flow patterns in the mantle transition zone. J. Geophys. Res. 109, B12405 (2004)."},{"key":"325_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"018501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.92.018501","volume":"92","author":"RM Wentzcovitch","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wentzcovitch, R. M., Karki, B. B., Cococcioni, M. & de Gironcoli, S. Thermoelastic Properties of MgSiO3-perovskite: insights on the nature of the earth\u2019s lower mantle. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 018501 (2004).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"325_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2013.07.034","volume":"379","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Stixrude, L. & Brodholt, J. Elastic properties of MgSiO3-perovskite under lower mantle conditions and the composition of the deep earth. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 379, 1\u201312 (2013).","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"325_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4427","DOI":"10.1029\/JZ067i011p04427","volume":"67","author":"GE Backus","year":"1962","unstructured":"Backus, G. E. Long-wave elastic anisotropy produced by horizontal layering. J. Geophys. Res. 67, 4427\u20134440 (1962).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"325_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2010.04890.x","volume":"184","author":"L Stixrude","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stixrude, L. & Lithgow-Bertelloni, C. Thermodynamics of mantle minerals II. phase equilibria. Geophys. J. Int. 184, 1180\u20131213 (2011).","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."}],"container-title":["Nature Geoscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41561-019-0325-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41561-019-0325-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41561-019-0325-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T21:27:01Z","timestamp":1694726821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41561-019-0325-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41561-019-0325-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-0894","1752-0908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-0894","type":"print"},{"value":"1752-0908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 March 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}