{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T09:46:15Z","timestamp":1785750375047,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat. Mater."],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-026-02703-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T09:04:19Z","timestamp":1785747859000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular coordination achieves uniform kesterite absorber film for efficient solar modules"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3185-7671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bowen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menghan","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4499-3670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiazheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinlin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingchen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shudan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8568-0337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiangjian","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijue","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6575-8381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanhong","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9247-1608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongmei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4531-4700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingbo","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2703_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad4424","volume":"352","author":"A Polman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Polman, A., Knight, M., Garnett, E. C., Ehrler, B. & Sinke, W. C. Photovoltaic materials: present efficiencies and future challenges. Science 352, aad4424 (2016).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2703_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.7b00131","volume":"2","author":"SK Wallace","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wallace, S. K., Mitzi, D. B. & Walsh, A. The steady rise of kesterite solar cells. ACS Energy Lett. 2, 776\u2013779 (2017).","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"2703_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-023-00250-7","volume":"7","author":"J Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. Emergence of flexible kesterite solar cells: progress and perspectives. NPJ Flex. Electron. 7, 16 (2023).","journal-title":"NPJ Flex. Electron."},{"key":"2703_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-018-0206-0","volume":"3","author":"C Yan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yan, C. et al. Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells with over 10% power conversion efficiency enabled by heterojunction heat treatment. Nat. Energy 3, 764\u2013772 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"2703_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-022-01132-4","volume":"7","author":"Y Gong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gong, Y. et al. Elemental de-mixing-induced epitaxial kesterite\/CdS interface enabling 13%-efficiency kesterite solar cells. Nat. Energy 7, 966\u2013977 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"2703_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-025-01902-w","volume":"11","author":"J Wang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Vacancy-enhanced cation ordering via magnesium doping to enable kesterite solar cells with 14.9% certified efficiency. Nat. Energy 11, 66\u201375 (2026).","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"2703_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2018.05.012","volume":"185","author":"SS Suvanam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Suvanam, S. S. et al. Extreme radiation hard thin film CZTSSe solar cell. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 185, 16\u201320 (2018).","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"2703_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2025.101870","volume":"9","author":"S Hu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hu, S. et al. Flexible perovskite-based multiple-junction photovoltaics. Joule 9, 101870 (2025).","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"2703_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1002\/pip.3919","volume":"33","author":"MA Green","year":"2025","unstructured":"Green, M. A. et al. Solar cell efficiency tables (version 66). Prog. Photovolt. 33, 795\u2013810 (2025).","journal-title":"Prog. Photovolt."},{"key":"2703_CR10","unstructured":"Best Research-Cell Efficiency Chart (NLR, 2026); https:\/\/www.nlr.gov\/pv\/cell-efficiency"},{"key":"2703_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2026.102345","volume":"10","author":"M Jiao","year":"2026","unstructured":"Jiao, M. et al. Suppressing defects in Kesterite solar cells via balanced phase evolution to enable 15.1% certified record efficiency. Joule 10, 102345 (2026).","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"2703_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-024-01461-x","volume":"13","author":"C Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, C. et al. Achievements, challenges, and future prospects for industrialization of perovskite solar cells. Light Sci. Appl. 13, 227 (2024).","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"2703_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48518-4","volume":"15","author":"E Parvazian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Parvazian, E. & Watson, T. The roll-to-roll revolution to tackle the industrial leap for perovskite solar cells. Nat. Commun. 15, 3983 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2703_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hiroi, H., Sakai, N., Kato, T. & Sugimoto, H. High voltage Cu2ZnSnS4 submodules by hybrid buffer layer. In 2013 IEEE 39th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/PVSC.2013.6744281 (IEEE, 2013).","DOI":"10.1109\/PVSC.2013.6744281"},{"key":"2703_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7427","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201402373","volume":"26","author":"J Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim, J. et al. High efficiency Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cells by applying a double In2S3\/CdS emitter. Adv. Mater. 26, 7427\u20137431 (2014).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2703_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hiroi, H., Sakai, N., Iwata, Y., Kato, T. & Sugimoto, H. Impact of buffer layer on kesterite solar cells. In 2015 IEEE 42nd Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/PVSC.2015.7356415 (IEEE, 2015).","DOI":"10.1109\/PVSC.2015.7356415"},{"key":"2703_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1039\/C5GC02417J","volume":"18","author":"MG Gang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gang, M. G. et al. Sputtering processed highly efficient Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cells by a low-cost, simple, environmentally friendly, and up-scalable strategy. Green Chem. 18, 700\u2013711 (2016).","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"2703_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-017-0028-5","volume":"2","author":"PD Antunez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Antunez, P. D., Bishop, D. M., Luo, Y. & Haight, R. Efficient kesterite solar cells with high open-circuit voltage for applications in powering distributed devices. Nat. Energy 2, 884\u2013890 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"2703_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-025-01860-3","volume":"10","author":"C Xiang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xiang, C. et al. Solution-processed kesterite solar module with 10.1% certified efficiency. Nat. Energy 10, 1315\u20131322 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"2703_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-026-02018-5","volume":"11","author":"X Xu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Xu, X. et al. Alkali-metal-mediated control of phase segregation for flexible kesterite solar cells and modules with improved efficiency. Nat. Energy 11, 854\u2013865 (2026).","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"2703_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-024-01551-5","volume":"9","author":"J Shi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shi, J. et al. Multinary alloying for facilitated cation exchange and suppressed defect formation in kesterite solar cells with above 14% certified efficiency. Nat. Energy 9, 1095\u20131104 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"2703_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202307733","volume":"36","author":"A Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, A. et al. Cd-free pure sulfide kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cell with over 800\u2009mV open-circuit voltage enabled by phase evolution intervention. Adv. Mater. 36, 2307733 (2024).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2703_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-023-01251-6","volume":"8","author":"J Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou, J. et al. Control of the phase evolution of kesterite by tuning of the selenium partial pressure for solar cells with 13.8% certified efficiency. Nat. Energy 8, 526\u2013535 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"2703_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2019.02.063","volume":"59","author":"S-Y Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim, S.-Y. et al. Void and secondary phase formation mechanisms of CZTSSe using Sn\/Cu\/Zn\/Mo stacked elemental precursors. Nano Energy 59, 399\u2013411 (2019).","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"2703_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42460-7","volume":"14","author":"X Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, X. et al. Controlling selenization equilibrium enables high-quality kesterite absorbers for efficient solar cells. Nat. Commun. 14, 6650 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2703_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.5c01007","volume":"10","author":"G Yao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yao, G. et al. Phase evolution extension of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 absorber boosting the efficiency of kesterite solar cells to 14.99%. ACS Energy Lett. 10, 2761\u20132769 (2025).","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"2703_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202308266","volume":"20","author":"H Wei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wei, H. et al. Regulating hetero-nucleation enabling over 14% efficient kesterite solar cells. Small 20, 2308266 (2024).","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"2703_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EE03702H","volume":"14","author":"Y Gong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gong, Y. et al. Identifying the origin of the VOC deficit of kesterite solar cells from the two grain growth mechanisms induced by Sn2+ and Sn4+ precursors in DMSO solution. Energy Environ. Sci. 14, 2369\u20132380 (2021).","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"2703_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2020.01.008","volume":"4","author":"B Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, B. et al. Blade-coated perovskites on textured silicon for 26%-efficient monolithic perovskite\/silicon tandem solar cells. Joule 4, 850\u2013864 (2020).","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"2703_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64111-9","volume":"16","author":"Y Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun, Y. et al. In situ coordinated HTL strategy for high-performance and scalable perovskite solar cells. Nat. Commun. 16, 9110 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2703_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-025-01900-y","volume":"11","author":"A Jimenez-Arguijo","year":"2026","unstructured":"Jimenez-Arguijo, A. et al. Formation pathway of high-efficiency kesterite solar cells fabricated through molecular ink chemistry. Nat. Energy 11, 194\u2013208 (2026).","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"2703_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202416689","volume":"35","author":"Y Mao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mao, Y. et al. 12.86% efficient Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin film solar cells via inkjet printing with 2-methoxyethanol-based air-stable precursor ink. Adv. Funct. Mater. 35, 2416689 (2025).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2703_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eem2.70252","volume":"9","author":"Y Deng","year":"2026","unstructured":"Deng, Y. et al. Efficient kesterite solar cells via scalable doctor-blading of 2-methoxyethanol-based molecular ink. Energy Environ. Mater. 9, e70252 (2026).","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Mater."},{"key":"2703_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1039\/C3TA13533K","volume":"2","author":"Z Su","year":"2014","unstructured":"Su, Z. et al. Fabrication of Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells with 5.1% efficiency via thermal decomposition and reaction using a non-toxic sol-gel route. J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 500\u2013509 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"2703_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5221","DOI":"10.1021\/ic9803311","volume":"37","author":"WJ Evans","year":"1998","unstructured":"Evans, W. J., Greci, M. A. & Ziller, J. W. Utility of 2-methoxyethanol in the synthesis of polyeuropium complexes: {[Eu(OCH2CH2OMe)2(OC6H3R2-2,6)\u2212][H+]}4 (R\u2009=\u2009Me, iPr) and [EuAl2(OCH2CH2OMe)3Me5]2. Inorg. Chem. 37, 5221\u20135226 (1998).","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"2703_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35315","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c05321","volume":"16","author":"R Agbenyeke","year":"2024","unstructured":"Agbenyeke, R. et al. Correlating molecular precursor interactions with device performance in solution-processed Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin-film solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 16, 35315\u201335322 (2024).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2703_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"024009","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7655\/ab7cee","volume":"2","author":"G Larramona","year":"2020","unstructured":"Larramona, G. et al. Stability, reliability, upscaling and possible technological applications of kesterite solar cells. J. Phys. Energy 2, 024009 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Energy"},{"key":"2703_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2024.02.025","volume":"8","author":"J Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, J. et al. Evolutionary manufacturing approaches for advancing flexible perovskite solar cells. Joule 8, 944\u2013969 (2024).","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"2703_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202400138","volume":"36","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Suppressing element inhomogeneity enables 14.9% efficiency CZTSSe solar cells. Adv. Mater. 36, 2400138 (2024).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2703_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202303674","volume":"33","author":"YX Fang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fang, Y. X. et al. Tailoring precursor chemistry enabled room temperature-processed perovskite films in ambient air for efficient and stable solar cells with improved reproducibility. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2303674 (2023).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2703_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nina, S., Rabiatul, A., Any, G. & Hari, S. Combination of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) with chemometrics for halal authentication of face mask products made from gelatin. BIO Web Conf. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/bioconf\/202414804004 (2024).","DOI":"10.1051\/bioconf\/202414804004"},{"key":"2703_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s40843-020-1408-x","volume":"64","author":"Y Gong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gong, Y. et al. Sn4+ precursor enables 12.4% efficient kesterite solar cell from DMSO solution with open circuit voltage deficit below 0.30\u2009V. Sci. China Mater. 64, 52\u201360 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. China Mater."},{"key":"2703_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.8b09966","volume":"141","author":"JA Clark","year":"2018","unstructured":"Clark, J. A. et al. Complexation chemistry in N,N-dimethylformamide-based molecular inks for chalcogenide semiconductors and photovoltaic devices. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141, 298\u2013308 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2703_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201301823","volume":"4","author":"H Xin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xin, H., Katahara, J. K., Braly, I. L. & Hillhouse, H. W. 8% efficient Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cells from redox equilibrated simple precursors in DMSO. Adv. Energy Mater. 4, 1301823 (2014).","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"2703_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202102298","volume":"11","author":"X Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu, X. et al. Efficient and composition-tolerant kesterite Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cells derived from an in situ formed multifunctional carbon framework. Adv. Energy Mater. 11, 2102298 (2021).","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"2703_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1107\/S1600577515010759","volume":"22","author":"P Fornasini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fornasini, P. & Grisenti, R. On EXAFS Debye\u2013Waller factor and recent advances. J. Synchrotron Radiat. 22, 1242\u20131257 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Synchrotron Radiat."},{"key":"2703_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1107\/S2052252514021101","volume":"1","author":"A Kuzmin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kuzmin, A. & Chaboy, J. EXAFS and XANES analysis of oxides at the nanoscale. IUCrJ 1, 571\u2013589 (2014).","journal-title":"IUCrJ"},{"key":"2703_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2005.03.032","volume":"249","author":"B Rode","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rode, B., Schwenk, C., Hofer, T. & Randolf, B. Coordination and ligand exchange dynamics of solvated metal ions. Coord. Chem. Rev. 249, 2993\u20133006 (2005).","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2703_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/M761","volume":"2012","author":"T Yamanoi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yamanoi, T., Inoue, R. & Oda, Y. 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-benzyl-1-C-phenyl-\u03b1-D-glucopyranosyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-\u03b1-D-glucopyranoside. Molbank 2012, M761 (2012).","journal-title":"Molbank"},{"key":"2703_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2016.03.021","volume":"618","author":"W-C Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen, W.-C. et al. Fabrication of Cu2ZnSnSe4 solar cells through multi-step selenization of layered metallic precursor film. Thin Solid Films 618, 42\u201349 (2016).","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"2703_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.481","volume":"17","author":"R Kapoor","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kapoor, R., Gupta, A., Kapoor, P. & Venugopalan, P. The synthesis, NMR (1H, 13C, 119Sn) and IR spectral studies of some di-and tri-organotin (IV) sulfonates: X-ray crystal structure of [(n-C4H9)2Sn (OSO2C6H4CH3-4)2\u00b72H2O]. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 17, 607\u2013615 (2003).","journal-title":"Appl. Organomet. Chem."},{"key":"2703_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vibspec.2005.10.004","volume":"40","author":"WA Alves","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alves, W. A., Antunes, O. A. & Hollauer, E. Raman spectroscopic study on the formation of an adduct of acetonitrile with formamide. Vib. Spectrosc. 40, 257\u2013262 (2006).","journal-title":"Vib. Spectrosc."},{"key":"2703_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00487","volume":"121","author":"KI Hadjiivanov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hadjiivanov, K. I. et al. Power of infrared and Raman spectroscopies to characterize metal\u2013organic frameworks and investigate their interaction with guest molecules. Chem. Rev. 121, 1286\u20131424 (2021).","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2703_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poly.2015.12.035","volume":"114","author":"MKCT Nagata","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nagata, M. K. C. T. et al. Correlation of solid state and solution coordination numbers with infrared spectroscopy in five-, six-, and eight-coordinate transition metal complexes of DOTAM. Polyhedron 114, 299\u2013305 (2016).","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"2703_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-024-01681-w","volume":"10","author":"K Yin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yin, K. et al. Gradient bandgaps in sulfide kesterite solar cells enable over 13% certified efficiency. Nat. Energy 10, 205\u2013214 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"2703_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48850-9","volume":"15","author":"J Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Pd (II)\/Pd (IV) redox shuttle to suppress vacancy defects at grain boundaries for efficient kesterite solar cells. Nat. Commun. 15, 4344 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2703_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2014.04.019","volume":"127","author":"GY Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim, G. Y. et al. Surface potential on grain boundaries and intragrains of highly efficient Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin-films grown by two-step sputtering process. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 127, 129\u2013135 (2014).","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"2703_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41361","volume":"7","author":"N Nicoara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nicoara, N. et al. Effect of the KF post-deposition treatment on grain boundary properties in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films. Sci. Rep. 7, 41361 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2703_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4972104","volume":"87","author":"J Shi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shi, J., Li, D., Luo, Y., Wu, H. & Meng, Q. Opto-electro-modulated transient photovoltage and photocurrent system for investigation of charge transport and recombination in solar cells. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87, 123107 (2016).","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"2703_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2019.12.016","volume":"4","author":"YM Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, Y. M. et al. Exploiting electrical transients to quantify charge loss in solar cells. Joule 4, 472\u2013489 (2020).","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"2703_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202102290","volume":"11","author":"L Kr\u00fcckemeier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kr\u00fcckemeier, L., Liu, Z., Krogmeier, B., Rau, U. & Kirchartz, T. Consistent interpretation of electrical and optical transients in halide perovskite layers and solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 11, 2102290 (2021).","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"2703_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13496","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.7b02411","volume":"121","author":"S Wheeler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wheeler, S. et al. Transient optoelectronic analysis of the impact of material energetics and recombination kinetics on the open-circuit voltage of hybrid perovskite solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 121, 13496\u201313506 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"2703_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2024.06.008","volume":"8","author":"C Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang, C. et al. Meniscus-modulated blade coating enables high-quality \u03b1-phase formamidinium lead triiodide crystals and efficient perovskite minimodules. Joule 8, 2539\u20132553 (2024).","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"2703_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10890-x","volume":"10","author":"K-J Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang, K.-J. et al. Flexible Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cells with over 10% efficiency and methods of enlarging the cell area. Nat. Commun. 10, 2959 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2703_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07690","volume":"5","author":"J-H Yoon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yoon, J.-H. et al. Characterization of efficiency-limiting resistance losses in monolithically integrated Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar modules. Sci. Rep. 5, 7690 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2703_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-018-0177-1","volume":"3","author":"V Bermudez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bermudez, V. & Perez-Rodriguez, A. Understanding the cell-to-module efficiency gap in Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 photovoltaics scale-up. Nat. Energy 3, 466\u2013475 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"}],"container-title":["Nature Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41563-026-02703-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41563-026-02703-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41563-026-02703-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T09:04:21Z","timestamp":1785747861000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41563-026-02703-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["2703"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41563-026-02703-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-1122","1476-4660"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-1122","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4660","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}