{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:29:30Z","timestamp":1790364570353,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat. Phys."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Lattice gauge theories, which have both dynamical matter and gauge fields, are strongly coupled problems that lie beyond the reach of classical computation. Quantum simulations may provide a tractable approach for studying lattice gauge theories, but implementing gauge-invariant encodings and real-time evolution remains experimentally challenging. Here we demonstrate a resource-efficient encoding of a\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$${{\\mathbb{Z}}}_{2}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:msub>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mrow>\n                                <mml:mrow>\n                                  <mml:mi>Z<\/mml:mi>\n                                <\/mml:mrow>\n                              <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:msub>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    lattice gauge theory using a hybrid qubit\u2013oscillator trapped-ion quantum device, with the qubits representing the gauge fields and the vibrational modes of the ions encoding the bosonic matter fields. We use synthetic dimensions to construct higher dimensional lattice geometries, and we combine digital and analogue techniques to prepare the initial states, realize the gauge-invariant real-time evolution and measure the relevant observables. After observing dynamics obeying Gauss\u2019s law in a\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$${{\\mathbb{Z}}}_{2}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:msub>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mrow>\n                                <mml:mrow>\n                                  <mml:mi>Z<\/mml:mi>\n                                <\/mml:mrow>\n                              <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:msub>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    link, we extend this approach to a loop geometry formed by two qubits and two oscillators. In this quasi-two-dimensional set-up, we observe Aharonov\u2013Bohm interference with dynamical gauge fields encoding the magnetic flux, thereby demonstrating the interplay between charge and flux. Our results establish a path for scalable quantum simulations of lattice gauge theories in higher dimensions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-026-03400-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T09:02:00Z","timestamp":1790326920000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Aharonov\u2013Bohm interference in a $${\\pmb{\\mathbb{Z}}}_{\\bf{2}}$$ lattice gauge theory on a hybrid qubit\u2013oscillator quantum computer"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7626-6049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Saner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4455-3638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"O.","family":"B\u0103z\u0103van","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. 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