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The task of estimating an unknown quantum channel, known as process tomography, is a central problem in quantum information theory. A long-standing open question is how many uses of an unknown channel are required to learn it to a precision quantified by the standard metric for distinguishing quantum processes, known as the diamond distance. Here we address this by establishing the query complexity of channel tomography with optimal dependence on the dimensions of the input and output spaces and the channel\u2019s Kraus rank at any fixed constant accuracy in diamond distance. We design an algorithm that establishes an upper bound and prove a matching lower bound for learning a channel to the given accuracy. Our algorithm follows the strategy of performing optimal tomography on the Choi-state representation of the process, and we show that channel tomography can be reduced to the well-studied problem of pure-state tomography. As channels subsume states, unitaries and measurements as special cases, our protocol provides a unified framework for tomography of these tasks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-026-03499-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T10:03:05Z","timestamp":1794477785000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimal learning of quantum channels in diamond distance"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1009-7331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Anna","family":"Mele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1626-2761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lennart","family":"Bittel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"},{"role":"corresponding-author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"3499_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1080\/09500349708231894","volume":"44","author":"IL Chuang","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chuang, I. 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