{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:54:08Z","timestamp":1774918448405,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-025-01164-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T02:11:11Z","timestamp":1767319871000},"page":"318-330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mucosal glycans: key drivers of the development of inflammatory bowel disease and a potential new therapeutic target"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3484-5162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salom\u00e9 S.","family":"Pinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2895-5821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6472-249X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Frederic","family":"Colombel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"1164_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1126\/science.291.5512.2370","volume":"291","author":"PM Rudd","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rudd, P. M., Elliott, T., Cresswell, P., Wilson, I. A. & Dwek, R. A. Glycosylation and the immune system. Science 291, 2370\u20132376 (2001).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1164_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.023","volume":"184","author":"RA Flynn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Flynn, R. A. et al. Small RNAs are modified with N-glycans and displayed on the surface of living cells. Cell 184, 3109\u20133124.e22 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1164_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.05.026","volume":"31","author":"AS Luis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luis, A. S. & Hansson, G. C. Intestinal mucus and their glycans: a habitat for thriving microbiota. Cell Host Microbe 31, 1087\u20131100 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"1164_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2023.101807","volume":"69","author":"R Inaba","year":"2023","unstructured":"Inaba, R., Vujakovic, S. & Bergstrom, K. The gut mucus network: a dynamic liaison between microbes and the immune system. Semin. Immunol. 69, 101807 (2023).","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"1164_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.08.019","volume":"126","author":"K Ohtsubo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ohtsubo, K. & Marth, J. D. Glycosylation in cellular mechanisms of health and disease. Cell 126, 855\u2013867 (2006).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1164_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3982","volume":"15","author":"SS Pinho","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pinho, S. S. & Reis, C. A. Glycosylation in cancer: mechanisms and clinical implications. Nat. Rev. Cancer 15, 540\u2013555 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"1164_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.08.060","volume":"158","author":"X Verhelst","year":"2020","unstructured":"Verhelst, X. et al. Protein glycosylation as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal and liver diseases. Gastroenterology 158, 95\u2013110 (2020).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1164_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2025.101965","volume":"78","author":"SS Pinho","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pinho, S. S. & Rabinovich, G. A. The glycoimmune landscape in health and disease. Semin. Immunol. 78, 101965 (2025).","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"1164_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-01074-1","volume":"20","author":"SS Pinho","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pinho, S. S., Alves, I., Gaifem, J. & Rabinovich, G. A. Immune regulatory networks coordinated by glycans and glycan-binding proteins in autoimmunity and infection. Cell Mol. Immunol. 20, 1101\u20131113 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"1164_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2023.06.004","volume":"44","author":"MM Vicente","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vicente, M. M., Leite-Gomes, E. & Pinho, S. S. Glycome dynamics in T and B cell development: basic immunological mechanisms and clinical applications. Trends immunol. 44, 585\u2013597 (2023).","journal-title":"Trends immunol."},{"key":"1164_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2024.101891","volume":"73","author":"LI Crouch","year":"2024","unstructured":"Crouch, L. I. et al. The role of glycans in health and disease: regulators of the interaction between gut microbiota and host immune system. Semin. Immunol. 73, 101891 (2024).","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"1164_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-332523","author":"MM Estevinho","year":"2024","unstructured":"Estevinho, M. M. et al. Emerging role of environmental pollutants in inflammatory bowel disease risk, outcomes and underlying mechanisms. Gut https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-332523 (2024).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1164_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01916-8","author":"J Gaifem","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gaifem, J. et al. A unique serum IgG glycosylation signature predicts development of Crohn\u2019s disease and is associated with pathogenic antibodies to mannose glycan. Nat. Immunol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41590-024-01916-8 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"1164_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1118-1025","volume":"36","author":"K Garber","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garber, K. No added sugar: antibody makers find an upside to \u2018no fucose\u2019. Nat. Biotechnol. 36, 1025\u20131027 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"1164_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1129594","volume":"313","author":"Y Kaneko","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kaneko, Y., Nimmerjahn, F. & Ravetch, J. V. Anti-inflammatory activity of immunoglobulin G resulting from Fc sialylation. Science 313, 670\u2013673 (2006).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1164_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M113.037465","volume":"13","author":"JE Huffman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huffman, J. E. et al. Comparative performance of four methods for high-throughput glycosylation analysis of immunoglobulin G in genetic and epidemiological research. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 13, 1598\u20131610 (2014).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteomics"},{"key":"1164_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10289","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c00838","volume":"95","author":"JW Dressman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dressman, J. W. et al. Development of an antibody-based platform for the analysis of immune cell-specific N-linked glycosylation. Anal. Chem. 95, 10289\u201310297 (2023).","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"1164_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47772-w","volume":"15","author":"AL Marie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marie, A. L., Gao, Y. & Ivanov, A. R. Native N-glycome profiling of single cells and ng-level blood isolates using label-free capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Nat. Commun. 15, 3847 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1164_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08940-0","author":"L Hracs","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hracs, L. et al. Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages. Nature https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-025-08940-0 (2025).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1164_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-025-01097-1","volume":"22","author":"GG Kaplan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kaplan, G. G. The global burden of inflammatory bowel disease: from 2025 to 2045. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 22, 708\u2013720 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1164_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.07.051","author":"J Torres","year":"2021","unstructured":"Torres, J., Ungaro, R. C. & Colombel, J. F. Is prevention the best way to modify inflammatory bowel disease? How close are we? Gastroenterology https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.07.051 (2021).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1164_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-311785","volume":"65","author":"J Torres","year":"2016","unstructured":"Torres, J., Burisch, J., Riddle, M., Dubinsky, M. & Colombel, J. F. Preclinical disease and preventive strategies in IBD: perspectives, challenges and opportunities. Gut 65, 1061\u20131069 (2016).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1164_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.03.007","volume":"159","author":"J Torres","year":"2020","unstructured":"Torres, J. et al. Serum biomarkers identify patients who will develop inflammatory bowel diseases up to 5 years before diagnosis. Gastroenterology 159, 96\u2013104 (2020).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1164_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2008.5","volume":"1","author":"SK Linden","year":"2008","unstructured":"Linden, S. K., Sutton, P., Karlsson, N. G., Korolik, V. & McGuckin, M. A. Mucins in the mucosal barrier to infection. Mucosal Immunol. 1, 183\u2013197 (2008).","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"1164_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24148-x","volume":"8","author":"H Schneider","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schneider, H., Pelaseyed, T., Svensson, F. & Johansson, M. E. V. Study of mucin turnover in the small intestine by in vivo labeling. Sci. Rep. 8, 5760 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1164_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-011520-105053","volume":"89","author":"GC Hansson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hansson, G. C. Mucins and the microbiome. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 89, 769\u2013793 (2020).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"1164_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2417","volume":"8","author":"JD Marth","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marth, J. D. & Grewal, P. K. Mammalian glycosylation in immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 8, 874\u2013887 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"1164_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.06.008","volume":"27","author":"RS Green","year":"2007","unstructured":"Green, R. S. et al. Mammalian N-glycan branching protects against innate immune self-recognition and inflammation in autoimmune disease pathogenesis. Immunity 27, 308\u2013320 (2007).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1164_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1038\/73163","volume":"6","author":"M Granovsky","year":"2000","unstructured":"Granovsky, M. et al. Suppression of tumor growth and metastasis in Mgat5-deficient mice. Nat. Med. 6, 306\u2013312 (2000).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"1164_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/35055582","volume":"409","author":"M Demetriou","year":"2001","unstructured":"Demetriou, M., Granovsky, M., Quaggin, S. & Dennis, J. W. Negative regulation of T-cell activation and autoimmunity by Mgat5 N-glycosylation. Nature 409, 733\u2013739 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1164_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddt632","volume":"23","author":"AM Dias","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dias, A. M. et al. Dysregulation of T cell receptor N-glycosylation: a molecular mechanism involved in ulcerative colitis. Hum. Mol. Genet. 23, 2416\u20132427 (2014).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"1164_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000101","volume":"205","author":"CL Mortales","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mortales, C. L., Lee, S. U. & Demetriou, M. N-glycan branching is required for development of mature B cells. J. Immunol. 205, 630\u2013636 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"1164_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3007","volume":"15","author":"RW Zhou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhou, R. W. et al. N-glycosylation bidirectionally extends the boundaries of thymocyte positive selection by decoupling Lck from Ca2+ signaling. Nat. Immunol. 15, 1038\u20131045 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"1164_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.f.203","volume":"9","author":"Y van Kooyk","year":"2008","unstructured":"van Kooyk, Y. & Rabinovich, G. A. Protein-glycan interactions in the control of innate and adaptive immune responses. Nat. Immunol. 9, 593\u2013601 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"1164_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2461210","volume":"17","author":"CS Rodrigues","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rodrigues, C. S. et al. Alterations in mucosa branched N-glycans lead to dysbiosis and downregulation of ILC3: a key driver of intestinal inflammation. Gut Microbes 17, 2461210 (2025).","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"1164_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.01.049","volume":"129","author":"KS Lau","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lau, K. S. et al. Complex N-glycan number and degree of branching cooperate to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. Cell 129, 123\u2013134 (2007).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1164_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32454","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.023630","volume":"284","author":"HL Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen, H. L., Li, C. F., Grigorian, A., Tian, W. & Demetriou, M. T cell receptor signaling co-regulates multiple Golgi genes to enhance N-glycan branching. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 32454\u201332461 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"1164_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abf8630","volume":"7","author":"LG Morosi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morosi, L. G. et al. Control of intestinal inflammation by glycosylation-dependent lectin-driven immunoregulatory circuits. Sci. Adv. 7, eabf8630 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"1164_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13823","volume":"514","author":"JM Pickard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pickard, J. M. et al. Rapid fucosylation of intestinal epithelium sustains host-commensal symbiosis in sickness. Nature 514, 638\u2013641 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1164_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.178","volume":"77","author":"DS Newburg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Newburg, D. S. & Morelli, L. Human milk and infant intestinal mucosal glycans guide succession of the neonatal intestinal microbiota. Pediatr. Res. 77, 115\u2013120 (2015).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"1164_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0466-x","volume":"4","author":"J Briliute","year":"2019","unstructured":"Briliute, J. et al. Complex N-glycan breakdown by gut Bacteroides involves an extensive enzymatic apparatus encoded by multiple co-regulated genetic loci. Nat. Microbiol. 4, 1571\u20131581 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"1164_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3050","volume":"11","author":"A El Kaoutari","year":"2013","unstructured":"El Kaoutari, A., Armougom, F., Gordon, J. I., Raoult, D. & Henrissat, B. The abundance and variety of carbohydrate-active enzymes in the human gut microbiota. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 11, 497\u2013504 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"1164_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2746","volume":"10","author":"NM Koropatkin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koropatkin, N. M., Cameron, E. A. & Martens, E. C. How glycan metabolism shapes the human gut microbiota. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 10, 323\u2013335 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"1164_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47594-w","volume":"15","author":"SM Holmberg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Holmberg, S. M. et al. The gut commensal Blautia maintains colonic mucus function under low-fiber consumption through secretion of short-chain fatty acids. Nat. Commun. 15, 3502 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1164_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06378-w","volume":"620","author":"MT Khan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khan, M. T. et al. Synergy and oxygen adaptation for development of next-generation probiotics. Nature 620, 381\u2013385 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1164_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41435-020-0105-9","volume":"21","author":"K Kappler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kappler, K. & Hennet, T. Emergence and significance of carbohydrate-specific antibodies. Genes Immun. 21, 224\u2013239 (2020).","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"1164_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.06.006","volume":"53","author":"JS New","year":"2020","unstructured":"New, J. S. et al. Neonatal exposure to commensal-bacteria-derived antigens directs polysaccharide-specific B-1 B cell repertoire development. Immunity 53, 172\u2013186.e6 (2020).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1164_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI91192","volume":"127","author":"Z Polonskaya","year":"2017","unstructured":"Polonskaya, Z. et al. T cells control the generation of nanomolar-affinity anti-glycan antibodies. J. Clin. Invest. 127, 1491\u20131504 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"1164_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2019.03.004","volume":"59","author":"Z Polonskaya","year":"2019","unstructured":"Polonskaya, Z., Savage, P. B., Finn, M. G. & Teyton, L. High-affinity anti-glycan antibodies: challenges and strategies. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 59, 65\u201371 (2019).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"1164_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.5.2419","volume":"151","author":"CV Harding","year":"1993","unstructured":"Harding, C. V., Kihlberg, J., Elofsson, M., Magnusson, G. & Unanue, E. R. Glycopeptides bind MHC molecules and elicit specific T cell responses. J. Immunol. 151, 2419\u20132425 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"1164_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2017.1299311","volume":"8","author":"M Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim, M. & Kim, C. H. Regulation of humoral immunity by gut microbial products. Gut Microbes 8, 392\u2013399 (2017).","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"1164_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.14347","author":"I Alves","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alves, I., Fernandes, A., Santos-Pereira, B., Azevedo, C. M. & Pinho, S. S. Glycans as a key factor in self and non-self discrimination: impact on the breach of immune tolerance. FEBS Lett. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1873-3468.14347 (2022).","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"1164_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy139","author":"MS Pereira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pereira, M. S. et al. A (glyco)biomarker that predicts failure to standard therapy in ulcerative colitis patients. J. Crohns Colitis https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy139 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1164_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-021-00466-8","volume":"15","author":"JC Brazil","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brazil, J. C. & Parkos, C. A. Finding the sweet spot: glycosylation mediated regulation of intestinal inflammation. Mucosal Immunol. 15, 211\u2013222 (2022).","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"1164_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.36.5.696","volume":"36","author":"CS Probert","year":"1995","unstructured":"Probert, C. S. et al. South Asian and European colitics show characteristic differences in colonic mucus glycoprotein type and turnover. Gut 36, 696\u2013702 (1995).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1164_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000166","volume":"11","author":"MS Pereira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pereira, M. S. et al. Genetic variants of the MGAT5 gene are functionally implicated in the modulation of T cells glycosylation and plasma IgG glycome composition in ulcerative colitis. Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol. 11, e00166 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1164_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E4651","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720409115","volume":"115","author":"AM Dias","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dias, A. M. et al. Metabolic control of T cell immune response through glycans in inflammatory bowel disease. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 115, E4651\u2013E4660 (2018).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."},{"key":"1164_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-01052-7","volume":"20","author":"MM Vicente","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vicente, M. M. et al. Mannosylated glycans impair normal T-cell development by reprogramming commitment and repertoire diversity. Cell Mol. Immunol. 20, 955\u2013968 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"1164_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.03.002","volume":"150","author":"H Fujii","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fujii, H. et al. Core fucosylation on T cells, required for activation of T-cell receptor signaling and induction of colitis in mice, is increased in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 150, 1620\u20131632 (2016).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1164_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3468","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq248","volume":"19","author":"DP McGovern","year":"2010","unstructured":"McGovern, D. P. et al. Fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) non-secretor status is associated with Crohn\u2019s disease. Hum. Mol. Genet. 19, 3468\u20133476 (2010).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"1164_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-200409000-00008","volume":"10","author":"SJ Brown","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brown, S. J. et al. Altered immune system glycosylation causes colitis in \u03b11,2-fucosyltransferase transgenic mice. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 10, 546\u2013556 (2004).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"1164_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254009","volume":"345","author":"Y Goto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goto, Y. et al. Innate lymphoid cells regulate intestinal epithelial cell glycosylation. Science 345, 1254009 (2014).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1164_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.02.013","volume":"185","author":"Y Yao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yao, Y. et al. Mucus sialylation determines intestinal host-commensal homeostasis. Cell 185, 1172\u20131188.e1128 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1164_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.135843","volume":"5","author":"M Kelm","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kelm, M. et al. Targeting epithelium-expressed sialyl Lewis glycans improves colonic mucosal wound healing and protects against colitis. JCI Insight 5, e135843 (2020).","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"1164_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0992-y","volume":"567","author":"K Parikh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Parikh, K. et al. Colonic epithelial cell diversity in health and inflammatory bowel disease. Nature 567, 49\u201355 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1164_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb1590","volume":"372","author":"EEL Nystrom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nystrom, E. E. L. et al. An intercrypt subpopulation of goblet cells is essential for colonic mucus barrier function. Science 372, eabb1590 (2021).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1164_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061929","volume":"204","author":"G An","year":"2007","unstructured":"An, G. et al. Increased susceptibility to colitis and colorectal tumors in mice lacking core 3-derived O-glycans. J. Exp. Med. 204, 1417\u20131429 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"1164_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45538","volume":"121","author":"J Fu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fu, J. et al. Loss of intestinal core 1-derived O-glycans causes spontaneous colitis in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 121, 1657\u20131666 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"1164_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.45","volume":"10","author":"K Bergstrom","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bergstrom, K. et al. Core 1- and 3-derived O-glycans collectively maintain the colonic mucus barrier and protect against spontaneous colitis in mice. Mucosal Immunol. 10, 91\u2013103 (2017).","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"1164_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.03.039","volume":"151","author":"K Bergstrom","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bergstrom, K. et al. Defective intestinal mucin-type O-glycosylation causes spontaneous colitis-associated cancer in mice. Gastroenterology 151, 152\u2013164.e11 (2016).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1164_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21625","volume":"17","author":"JM Larsson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Larsson, J. M. et al. Altered O-glycosylation profile of MUC2 mucin occurs in active ulcerative colitis and is associated with increased inflammation. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 17, 2299\u20132307 (2011).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"1164_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14787","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1612158114","volume":"113","author":"MR Kudelka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kudelka, M. R. et al. Cosmc is an X-linked inflammatory bowel disease risk gene that spatially regulates gut microbiota and contributes to sex-specific risk. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 113, 14787\u201314792 (2016).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."},{"key":"1164_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roy, A. et al. N-glycosylation enzyme Mpi is essential for mucin O-glycosylation, host-microbe homeostasis, Paneth cell defense, and metabolism. Preprint at Res. Sq. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6222474\/v1 (2025).","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6222474\/v1"},{"key":"1164_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.04.030","volume":"131","author":"I Dotan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dotan, I. et al. Antibodies against laminaribioside and chitobioside are novel serologic markers in Crohn\u2019s disease. Gastroenterology 131, 366\u2013378 (2006).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1164_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.3.2.219-226.1996","volume":"3","author":"B Sendid","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sendid, B. et al. Specific antibody response to oligomannosidic epitopes in Crohn\u2019s disease. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 3, 219\u2013226 (1996).","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"1164_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103486","volume":"23","author":"B Sendid","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sendid, B. et al. From ASCA breakthrough in Crohn\u2019s disease and Candida albicans research to thirty years of investigations about their meaning in human health. Autoimmun. Rev. 23, 103486 (2024).","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"1164_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.120052","volume":"566","author":"N Morishima","year":"2025","unstructured":"Morishima, N. et al. Generation and validation of antibody 42B1 recognizing galactose-deficient IgG for diagnosis of chronic inflammatory diseases. Clin. Chim. Acta 566, 120052 (2025).","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"1164_CR78","first-page":"1237","volume":"21","author":"I Trbojevic Akmacic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Trbojevic Akmacic, I. et al. Inflammatory bowel disease associates with proinflammatory potential of the immunoglobulin G glycome. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 21, 1237\u20131247 (2015).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"1164_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.22862","volume":"18","author":"A Kaul","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kaul, A. et al. Serum anti-glycan antibody biomarkers for inflammatory bowel disease diagnosis and progression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 18, 1872\u20131884 (2012).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"1164_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.04.017","volume":"56","author":"AR Bourgonje","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bourgonje, A. R. et al. Phage-display immunoprecipitation sequencing of the antibody epitope repertoire in inflammatory bowel disease reveals distinct antibody signatures. Immunity 56, 1393\u20131409.e6 (2023).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1164_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41768","author":"I Alves","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alves, I. et al. Protein mannosylation as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of lupus nephritis: an unusual glycan-neoepitope in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.41768 (2021).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"1164_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abo1930","volume":"15","author":"I Alves","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alves, I. et al. Host-derived mannose glycans trigger a pathogenic \u03b3\u03b4 T cell\/IL-17a axis in autoimmunity. Sci. Transl. Med. 15, eabo1930 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"1164_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G452","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00261.2022","volume":"324","author":"E Fekete","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fekete, E. & Buret, A. G. The role of mucin O-glycans in microbiota dysbiosis, intestinal homeostasis, and host-pathogen interactions. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 324, G452\u2013G465 (2023).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"1164_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00538-7","volume":"21","author":"CA Akdis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akdis, C. A. Does the epithelial barrier hypothesis explain the increase in allergy, autoimmunity and other chronic conditions? Nat. Rev. Immunol. 21, 739\u2013751 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"1164_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103410","volume":"22","author":"G Monteleone","year":"2023","unstructured":"Monteleone, G., Moscardelli, A., Colella, A., Marafini, I. & Salvatori, S. Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: common and different pathogenic and clinical features. Autoimmun. Rev. 22, 103410 (2023).","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"1164_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317571","volume":"68","author":"S van der Post","year":"2019","unstructured":"van der Post, S. et al. Structural weakening of the colonic mucus barrier is an early event in ulcerative colitis pathogenesis. Gut 68, 2142\u20132151 (2019).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1164_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.08.005","volume":"159","author":"W Turpin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Turpin, W. et al. Increased intestinal permeability is associated with later development of Crohn\u2019s disease. Gastroenterology 159, 2092\u20132100.e5 (2020).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1164_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2022.08.001","volume":"43","author":"JJ Oosterhoff","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oosterhoff, J. J., Larsen, M. D., van der Schoot, C. E. & Vidarsson, G. Afucosylated IgG responses in humans \u2014 structural clues to the regulation of humoral immunity. Trends Immunol. 43, 800\u2013814 (2022).","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"1164_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.07.009","volume":"161","author":"SH Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, S. H. et al. Anti-microbial antibody response is associated with future onset of Crohn\u2019s disease independent of biomarkers of altered gut barrier function, subclinical inflammation, and genetic risk. Gastroenterology 161, 1540\u20131551 (2021).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1164_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.05.029","volume":"163","author":"A Mortha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mortha, A. et al. Neutralizing anti-granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor autoantibodies recognize post-translational glycosylations on granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor years before diagnosis and predict complicated Crohn\u2019s disease. Gastroenterology 163, 659\u2013670 (2022).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1164_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2018.07.007","author":"AM Dias","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dias, A. M. et al. Glycans as critical regulators of gut immunity in homeostasis and disease. Cell Immunol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cellimm.2018.07.007 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"1164_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5000","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr414","volume":"20","author":"JE Huffman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Huffman, J. E. et al. Polymorphisms in B3GAT1, SLC9A9 and MGAT5 are associated with variation within the human plasma N-glycome of 3533 European adults. Hum. Mol. Genet. 20, 5000\u20135011 (2011).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"1164_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax0301","volume":"6","author":"L Klaric","year":"2020","unstructured":"Klaric, L. et al. Glycosylation of immunoglobulin G is regulated by a large network of genes pleiotropic with inflammatory diseases. Sci. Adv. 6, eaax0301 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"1164_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.01.002","volume":"154","author":"M Simurina","year":"2018","unstructured":"Simurina, M. et al. Glycosylation of immunoglobulin G associates with clinical features of inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 154, 1320\u20131333.e10 (2018).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1164_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49049-8","volume":"15","author":"EK Choi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Choi, E. K. et al. The manganese transporter SLC39A8 links alkaline ceramidase 1 to inflammatory bowel disease. Nat. Commun. 15, 4775 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1164_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.50","volume":"110","author":"FT Moller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moller, F. T., Andersen, V., Wohlfahrt, J. & Jess, T. Familial risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study 1977-2011. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 110, 564\u2013571 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1164_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0036-x","volume":"16","author":"EC Martens","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martens, E. C., Neumann, M. & Desai, M. S. Interactions of commensal and pathogenic microorganisms with the intestinal mucosal barrier. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 16, 457\u2013470 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"1164_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1208344","volume":"334","author":"GD Wu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wu, G. D. et al. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science 334, 105\u2013108 (2011).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1164_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.05.049","volume":"23","author":"AN Ananthakrishnan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ananthakrishnan, A. N., Whelan, K., Allegretti, J. R. & Sokol, H. Diet and microbiome-directed therapy 2.0 for IBD. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 23, 406\u2013418 (2025).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1164_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.12.020","volume":"22","author":"M Agrawal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Agrawal, M. et al. Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances exposure is associated with later occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 22, 1728\u20131730.e8 (2024).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1164_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114285","volume":"265","author":"J Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, J. et al. Associations between the serum levels of PFOS\/PFOA and IgG N-glycosylation in adult or children. Env. Pollut. 265, 114285 (2020).","journal-title":"Env. Pollut."},{"key":"1164_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep1004","volume":"5","author":"PM Irving","year":"2008","unstructured":"Irving, P. M. & Gibson, P. R. Infections and IBD. Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5, 18\u201327 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1164_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4276","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i27.4276","volume":"27","author":"V Craviotto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Craviotto, V. et al. Viral infections in inflammatory bowel disease: tips and tricks for correct management. World J. Gastroenterol. 27, 4276\u20134297 (2021).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1164_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2025.01.247","author":"A Nandy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nandy, A. et al. Epstein\u2013Barr virus exposure precedes Crohn\u2019s disease development. Gastroenterology https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2025.01.247 (2025).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1164_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.5.2122-2125.1994","volume":"62","author":"GO Aspinall","year":"1994","unstructured":"Aspinall, G. O. et al. Lipopolysaccharides from Campylobacter jejuni associated with Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome patients mimic human gangliosides in structure. Infect. Immun. 62, 2122\u20132125 (1994).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"1164_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaf168","author":"SH Lee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee, S. H., Lopes, E., Colombel, J. F. & Ungaro, R. Identifying potential targets for the interception of inflammatory bowel disease: toward precision prevention. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ibd\/izaf168 (2025).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"1164_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaf043","volume":"19","author":"E Leite-Gomes","year":"2025","unstructured":"Leite-Gomes, E. et al. T-cell branched glycosylation as a mediator of colitis-associated colorectal cancer progression: a potential new risk biomarker in inflammatory bowel disease. J. Crohns Colitis 19, jjaf043 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1164_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.05.030","volume":"155","author":"F Clerc","year":"2018","unstructured":"Clerc, F. et al. Plasma N-glycan signatures are associated with features of inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 155, 829\u2013843 (2018).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1164_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad012","volume":"17","author":"A Shubhakar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shubhakar, A. et al. Serum N-glycomic biomarkers predict treatment escalation in inflammatory bowel disease. J. Crohns Colitis 17, 919\u2013932 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1164_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay7367","volume":"370","author":"K Bergstrom","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bergstrom, K. et al. Proximal colon-derived O-glycosylated mucus encapsulates and modulates the microbiota. Science 370, 467\u2013472 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1164_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2024.105675","volume":"300","author":"N Fancy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fancy, N. et al. Fecal-adherent mucus is a non-invasive source of primary human MUC2 for structural and functional characterization in health and disease. J. Biol. Chem. 300, 105675 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"1164_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izac282","volume":"29","author":"CR Masselot","year":"2023","unstructured":"Masselot, C. R. et al. Fecal mucin O-glycans as novel biomarkers in inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 29, e12 (2023).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"1164_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcpro.2025.100928","volume":"24","author":"BDM van Tol","year":"2025","unstructured":"van Tol, B. D. M. et al. Comprehensive immunoglobulin G, A, and M glycopeptide profiling for large-scale biomedical research. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 24, 100928 (2025).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteomics"},{"key":"1164_CR114","first-page":"927","volume":"58","author":"RM Levin","year":"1961","unstructured":"Levin, R. M., Krieger, N. N. & Winzler, R. J. Glucmsumine and acetylglucosamine tolerance in man. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 58, 927\u2013932 (1961).","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"1164_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2000.00883.x","volume":"14","author":"S Salvatore","year":"2000","unstructured":"Salvatore, S. et al. A pilot study of N-acetyl glucosamine, a nutritional substrate for glycosaminoglycan synthesis, in paediatric chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 14, 1567\u20131579 (2000).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"1164_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00298-24","volume":"15","author":"KM Schalich","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schalich, K. M. et al. A human milk oligosaccharide prevents intestinal inflammation in adulthood via modulating gut microbial metabolism. mBio 15, e0029824 (2024).","journal-title":"mBio"}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-025-01164-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-025-01164-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-025-01164-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:01:54Z","timestamp":1774915314000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-025-01164-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1164"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-025-01164-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-5045","1759-5053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-5045","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-5053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 November 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 January 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}