{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T07:34:57Z","timestamp":1775374497552,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition (EMT) encompasses dynamic changes in cellular organization from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotypes, which leads to functional changes in cell migration and invasion. EMT occurs in a diverse range of physiological and pathological conditions and is driven by a conserved set of inducing signals, transcriptional regulators and downstream effectors. With over 5,700 publications indexed by Web of Science in 2019 alone, research on EMT is expanding rapidly. This growing interest warrants the need for a consensus among researchers when referring to and undertaking research on EMT. This Consensus Statement, mediated by \u2018the EMT International Association\u2019 (TEMTIA), is the outcome of a 2-year-long discussion among EMT researchers and aims to both clarify the nomenclature and provide definitions and guidelines for EMT research in future publications. We trust that these guidelines will help to reduce misunderstanding and misinterpretation of research data generated in various experimental models and to promote cross-disciplinary collaboration to identify and address key open questions in this research field. While recognizing the importance of maintaining diversity in experimental approaches and conceptual frameworks, we emphasize that lasting contributions of EMT research to increasing our understanding of developmental processes and combatting cancer and other diseases depend on the adoption of a unified terminology to describe EMT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0237-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T16:03:29Z","timestamp":1587053009000},"page":"341-352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1850,"title":["Guidelines and definitions for research on epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8410-3549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Parker","family":"Antin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Geert","family":"Berx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Blanpain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Brabletz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Bronner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kyra","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Amparo","family":"Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Casanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Christofori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shoukat","family":"Dedhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rik","family":"Derynck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Heide L.","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4576-9377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Fuxe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Garc\u00eda\u00a0de\u00a0Herreros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gregory J.","family":"Goodall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anna-Katerina","family":"Hadjantonakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ruby Y. J.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chaya","family":"Kalcheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Raghu","family":"Kalluri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1626-6730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yibin","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yeesim","family":"Khew-Goodall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Herbert","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jinsong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gregory D.","family":"Longmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sendurai A.","family":"Mani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Massagu\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9053-9613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Mayor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"McClay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8123-6247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith E.","family":"Mostov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3467-6389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald F.","family":"Newgreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3538-840X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Angela","family":"Nieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9938-3798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alain","family":"Puisieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7410-916X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raymond","family":"Runyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Savagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Stanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7866-3686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc P.","family":"Stemmler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yoshiko","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9931-3378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masatoshi","family":"Takeichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6510-5717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Theveneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0478-5020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean Paul","family":"Thiery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9723-4924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik W.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Weinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3364-6655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth D.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3700-8765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianhua","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Binhua P.","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Guojun","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"On behalf of the EMT International Association (TEMTIA)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"237_CR1","unstructured":"Hay, E. D. in Epithelial\u2013Mesenchymal Interactions: 18th Hahnemann Symposium (eds R. Fleischmajer & Billingham, R. E.) 31\u201335 (Williams and Wilkins, 1968)."},{"key":"237_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000147748","volume":"154","author":"ED Hay","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hay, E. D. An overview of epithelio\u2013mesenchymal transformation. Acta Anat. 154, 8\u201320 (1995).","journal-title":"Acta Anat."},{"key":"237_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.06.028","volume":"166","author":"MA Nieto","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nieto, M. A., Huang, R. Y., Jackson, R. A. & Thiery, J. P. EMT: 2016. Cell 166, 21\u201345 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"237_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5996","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-0699","volume":"65","author":"D Tarin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tarin, D., Thompson, E. W. & Newgreen, D. F. The fallacy of epithelial mesenchymal transition in neoplasia. Cancer Res. 65, 5996\u20136000 (2005).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"237_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5991","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-0616","volume":"65","author":"EW Thompson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thompson, E. W., Newgreen, D. F. & Tarin, D. Carcinoma invasion and metastasis: a role for epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition? Cancer Res. 65, 5991\u20135995 (2005).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"237_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15748","volume":"527","author":"KR Fischer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fischer, K. R. et al. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is not required for lung metastasis but contributes to chemoresistance. Nature 527, 472\u2013476 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"237_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16064","volume":"527","author":"X Zheng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zheng, X. et al. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is dispensable for metastasis but induces chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer. Nature 527, 525\u2013530 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"237_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22816","volume":"547","author":"X Ye","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ye, X. et al. Upholding a role for EMT in breast cancer metastasis. Nature 547, E1\u2013E3 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"237_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E7","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22963","volume":"547","author":"NM Aiello","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aiello, N. M. et al. Upholding a role for EMT in pancreatic cancer metastasis. Nature 547, E7\u2013E8 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"237_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.3.1124","volume":"87","author":"AM Valles","year":"1990","unstructured":"Valles, A. M. et al. Acidic fibroblast growth factor is a modulator of epithelial plasticity in a rat bladder carcinoma cell line. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 87, 1124\u20131128 (1990).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"237_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.127.6.2021","volume":"127","author":"PJ Miettinen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Miettinen, P. J., Ebner, R., Lopez, A. R. & Derynck, R. TGF-\u03b2 induced transdifferentiation of mammary epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells: involvement of type I receptors. J. Cell Biol. 127, 2021\u20132036 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"237_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00234333","volume":"203","author":"DF Newgreen","year":"1979","unstructured":"Newgreen, D. F., Ritterman, M. & Peters, E. A. Morphology and behaviour of neural crest cells of chick embryo in vitro. Cell Tissue Res. 203, 115\u2013140 (1979).","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"237_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6737","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.21.6737","volume":"79","author":"JP Thiery","year":"1982","unstructured":"Thiery, J. P., Duband, J. L., Rutishauser, U. & Edelman, G. M. Cell adhesion molecules in early chicken embryogenesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 79, 6737\u20136741 (1982).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"237_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001480108","volume":"148","author":"RR Markwald","year":"1977","unstructured":"Markwald, R. R., Fitzharris, T. P. & Manasek, F. J. Structural development of endocardial cushions. Am. J. Anat. 148, 85\u2013119 (1977).","journal-title":"Am. J. Anat."},{"key":"237_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(82)90147-6","volume":"92","author":"RL Trelstad","year":"1982","unstructured":"Trelstad, R. L., Hayashi, A., Hayashi, K. & Donahoe, P. K. The epithelial\u2013mesenchymal interface of the male rate Mullerian duct: loss of basement membrane integrity and ductal regression. Dev. Biol. 92, 27\u201340 (1982).","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"237_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.95.1.333","volume":"95","author":"G Greenburg","year":"1982","unstructured":"Greenburg, G. & Hay, E. D. Epithelia suspended in collagen gels can lose polarity and express characteristics of migrating mesenchymal cells. J. Cell Biol. 95, 333\u2013339 (1982).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"237_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1038\/2161349a0","volume":"216","author":"AJ Nahmias","year":"1967","unstructured":"Nahmias, A. J., Cooperband, S. R., Green, J. A. & Kibrick, S. Transformation of epithelial cells in vitro. Nature 216, 1349\u20131350 (1967).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"237_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(83)90010-6","volume":"95","author":"RB Runyan","year":"1983","unstructured":"Runyan, R. B. & Markwald, R. R. Invasion of mesenchyme into three-dimensional collagen gels: a regional and temporal analysis of interaction in embryonic heart tissue. Dev. Biol. 95, 108\u2013114 (1983).","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"237_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.77.1.209","volume":"77","author":"M Stoker","year":"1985","unstructured":"Stoker, M. & Perryman, M. An epithelial scatter factor released by embryo fibroblasts. J. Cell Sci. 77, 209\u2013223 (1985).","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"237_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(89)90111-5","volume":"134","author":"JD Potts","year":"1989","unstructured":"Potts, J. D. & Runyan, R. B. Epithelial\u2013mesenchymal cell transformation in the embryonic heart can be mediated, in part, by transforming growth factor beta. Dev. Biol. 134, 392\u2013401 (1989).","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"237_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.5.9.1568","volume":"5","author":"M Leptin","year":"1991","unstructured":"Leptin, M. twist and snail as positive and negative regulators during Drosophila mesoderm development. Genes Dev. 5, 1568\u20131576 (1991).","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"237_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm757","volume":"3","author":"MA Nieto","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nieto, M. A. The snail superfamily of zinc-finger transcription factors. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3, 155\u2013166 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"237_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7513443","volume":"264","author":"MA Nieto","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nieto, M. A., Sargent, M. G., Wilkinson, D. G. & Cooke, J. Control of cell behavior during vertebrate development by Slug, a zinc finger gene. Science 264, 835\u2013839 (1994).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"237_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.137.6.1403","volume":"137","author":"P Savagner","year":"1997","unstructured":"Savagner, P., Yamada, K. M. & Thiery, J. P. The zinc-finger protein Slug causes desmosome dissociation, an initial and necessary step for growth factor-induced epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition. J. Cell Biol. 137, 1403\u20131419 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"237_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/35000034","volume":"2","author":"E Batlle","year":"2000","unstructured":"Batlle, E. et al. The transcription factor Snail is a repressor of E-cadherin gene expression in epithelial tumour cells. Nat. Cell Biol. 2, 84\u201389 (2000).","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"237_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/35000025","volume":"2","author":"A Cano","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cano, A. et al. The transcription factor Snail controls epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transitions by repressing E-cadherin expression. Nat. Cell Biol. 2, 76\u201383 (2000).","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"237_CR27","first-page":"1613","volume":"62","author":"KM Hajra","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hajra, K. M., Chen, D. Y. & Fearon, E. R. The SLUG zinc-finger protein represses E-cadherin in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 62, 1613\u20131618 (2002).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"237_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00224","volume":"116","author":"V Bolos","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bolos, V. et al. The transcription factor Slug represses E-cadherin expression and induces epithelial to mesenchymal transitions: a comparison with Snail and E47 repressors. J. Cell Sci. 116, 499\u2013511 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"237_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27424","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M100827200","volume":"276","author":"MA Perez-Moreno","year":"2001","unstructured":"Perez-Moreno, M. A. et al. A new role for E12\/E47 in the repression of E-cadherin expression and epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transitions. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 27424\u201327431 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"237_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.06.006","volume":"117","author":"J Yang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yang, J. et al. Twist, a master regulator of morphogenesis, plays an essential role in tumor metastasis. Cell 117, 927\u2013939 (2004).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"237_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(01)00260-X","volume":"7","author":"J Comijn","year":"2001","unstructured":"Comijn, J. et al. The two-handed E box binding zinc finger protein SIP1 downregulates E-cadherin and induces invasion. Mol. Cell 7, 1267\u20131278 (2001).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"237_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208429","volume":"24","author":"A Eger","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eger, A. et al. DeltaEF1 is a transcriptional repressor of E-cadherin and regulates epithelial plasticity in breast cancer cells. Oncogene 24, 2375\u20132385 (2005).","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"237_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/372679a0","volume":"372","author":"K Stark","year":"1994","unstructured":"Stark, K., Vainio, S., Vassileva, G. & McMahon, A. P. Epithelial transformation of metanephric mesenchyme in the developing kidney regulated by Wnt-4. Nature 372, 679\u2013683 (1994).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"237_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00304424","volume":"191","author":"B Christ","year":"1995","unstructured":"Christ, B. & Ordahl, C. P. Early stages of chick somite development. Anat. Embryol. 191, 381\u2013396 (1995).","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"237_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1739","volume":"10","author":"Y Nakaya","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nakaya, Y., Sukowati, E. W., Wu, Y. & Sheng, G. RhoA and microtubule dynamics control cell\u2013basement membrane interaction in EMT during gastrulation. Nat. Cell Biol. 10, 765\u2013775 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"237_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mod.2003.06.005","volume":"120","author":"D Shook","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shook, D. & Keller, R. Mechanisms, mechanics and function of epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transitions in early development. Mech. Dev. 120, 1351\u20131383 (2003).","journal-title":"Mech. Dev."},{"key":"237_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2015.14","volume":"17","author":"R Mayor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mayor, R. & Etienne-Manneville, S. The front and rear of collective cell migration. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 17, 97\u2013109 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"237_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8998","volume":"6","author":"K Campbell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Campbell, K. & Casanova, J. A role for E-cadherin in ensuring cohesive migration of a heterogeneous population of non-epithelial cells. Nat. Commun. 6, 7998 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"237_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01667","volume":"132","author":"JA Montero","year":"2005","unstructured":"Montero, J. A. et al. Shield formation at the onset of zebrafish gastrulation. Development 132, 1187\u20131198 (2005).","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"237_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.060277","volume":"138","author":"IB Clark","year":"2011","unstructured":"Clark, I. B., Muha, V., Klingseisen, A., Leptin, M. & Muller, H. A. Fibroblast growth factor signalling controls successive cell behaviours during mesoderm layer formation in Drosophila. Development 138, 2705\u20132715 (2011).","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"237_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16945","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1205870109","volume":"109","author":"JG Dumortier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dumortier, J. G., Martin, S., Meyer, D., Rosa, F. M. & David, N. B. Collective mesendoderm migration relies on an intrinsic directionality signal transmitted through cell contacts. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 16945\u201316950 (2012).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"237_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2011.10.013","volume":"22","author":"GF Weber","year":"2012","unstructured":"Weber, G. F., Bjerke, M. A. & DeSimone, D. W. A mechanoresponsive cadherin\u2013keratin complex directs polarized protrusive behavior and collective cell migration. Dev. Cell 22, 104\u2013115 (2012).","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"237_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3070","volume":"16","author":"M Viotti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Viotti, M., Nowotschin, S. & Hadjantonakis, A. K. SOX17 links gut endoderm morphogenesis and germ layer segregation. Nat. Cell Biol. 16, 1146\u20131156 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"237_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2011.12.041","volume":"366","author":"E Theveneau","year":"2012","unstructured":"Theveneau, E. & Mayor, R. Neural crest delamination and migration: from epithelium-to-mesenchyme transition to collective cell migration. Dev. Biol. 366, 34\u201354 (2012).","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"237_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2015.06.012","volume":"34","author":"E Scarpa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Scarpa, E. et al. Cadherin switch during EMT in neural crest cells leads to contact inhibition of locomotion via repolarization of forces. Dev. Cell 34, 421\u2013434 (2015).","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"237_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3138","volume":"17","author":"E Rozbicki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rozbicki, E. et al. Myosin-II-mediated cell shape changes and cell intercalation contribute to primitive streak formation. Nat. Cell Biol. 17, 397\u2013408 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"237_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2012.10.012","volume":"22","author":"OH Ocana","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ocana, O. H. et al. Metastatic colonization requires the repression of the epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition inducer Prrx1. Cancer Cell 22, 709\u2013724 (2012).","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"237_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2012.09.022","volume":"22","author":"JH Tsai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tsai, J. H., Donaher, J. L., Murphy, D. A., Chau, S. & Yang, J. Spatiotemporal regulation of epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition is essential for squamous cell carcinoma metastasis. Cancer Cell 22, 725\u2013736 (2012).","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"237_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.225334.113","volume":"27","author":"JH Tsai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tsai, J. H. & Yang, J. Epithelial\u2013mesenchymal plasticity in carcinoma metastasis. Genes Dev. 27, 2192\u20132206 (2013).","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"237_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3265","volume":"12","author":"T Brabletz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brabletz, T. To differentiate or not\u2014routes towards metastasis. Nat. Rev. Cancer 12, 425\u2013436 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"237_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-016-9648-7","volume":"35","author":"CL Chaffer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chaffer, C. L., San Juan, B. P., Lim, E. & Weinberg, R. A. EMT, cell plasticity and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 35, 645\u2013654 (2016).","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"237_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.037","volume":"168","author":"AW Lambert","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lambert, A. W., Pattabiraman, D. R. & Weinberg, R. A. Emerging biological principles of metastasis. Cell 168, 670\u2013691 (2017).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"237_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0040-3","volume":"556","author":"I Pastushenko","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pastushenko, I. et al. Identification of the tumour transition states occurring during EMT. Nature 556, 463\u2013468 (2018).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"237_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1228522","volume":"339","author":"M Yu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yu, M. et al. Circulating breast tumor cells exhibit dynamic changes in epithelial and mesenchymal composition. Science 339, 580\u2013584 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"237_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-14-2535","volume":"75","author":"MJ Schliekelman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schliekelman, M. J. et al. Molecular portraits of epithelial, mesenchymal and hybrid states in lung adenocarcinoma and their relevance to survival. Cancer Res. 75, 1789\u20131800 (2015).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"237_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2016.06.002","volume":"43","author":"M Diepenbruck","year":"2016","unstructured":"Diepenbruck, M. & Christofori, G. Epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis: yes, no, maybe? Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 43, 7\u201313 (2016).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"237_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.12091","volume":"11","author":"PG Santamaria","year":"2017","unstructured":"Santamaria, P. G., Moreno-Bueno, G., Portillo, F. & Cano, A. EMT: present and future in clinical oncology. Mol. Oncol. 11, 718\u2013738 (2017).","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"237_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/472273a","volume":"472","author":"H Ledford","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ledford, H. Cancer theory faces doubts. Nature 472, 273 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"237_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16313","volume":"527","author":"S Maheswaran","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maheswaran, S. & Haber, D. A. Transition loses its invasive edge. Nature 527, 452\u2013453 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"237_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2015.05.002","volume":"589","author":"B Ruben","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ruben, B. & Gerhard, C. The relevance of EMT in breast cancer metastasis: correlation or causality? FEBS Lett. 589, 1577\u20131587 (2015).","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"237_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6330","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-14-0923","volume":"74","author":"HD Tran","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tran, H. D. et al. Transient SNAIL1 expression is necessary for metastatic competence in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 74, 6330\u20136340 (2014).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"237_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11494","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1618091114","volume":"114","author":"Y Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu, Y. et al. Breast tumor cell-specific knockout of Twist1 inhibits cancer cell plasticity, dissemination, and lung metastasis in mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 11494\u201311499 (2017).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"237_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3513","volume":"19","author":"AM Krebs","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krebs, A. M. et al. The EMT-activator Zeb1 is a key factor for cell plasticity and promotes metastasis in pancreatic cancer. Nat. Cell Biol. 19, 518\u2013529 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"237_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2018.05.027","volume":"45","author":"NM Aiello","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aiello, N. M. et al. EMT subtype influences epithelial plasticity and mode of cell migration. Dev. Cell 45, 681\u2013695 (2018).","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"237_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2017.06.006","volume":"1868","author":"S Goossens","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goossens, S., Vandamme, N., Van Vlierberghe, P. & Berx, G. EMT transcription factors in cancer development re-evaluated: beyond EMT and MET. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer 1868, 584\u2013591 (2017).","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"237_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2976","volume":"16","author":"A Puisieux","year":"2014","unstructured":"Puisieux, A., Brabletz, T. & Caramel, J. Oncogenic roles of EMT-inducing transcription factors. Nat. Cell Biol. 16, 488\u2013494 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"237_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0215518","volume":"110","author":"M Iwano","year":"2002","unstructured":"Iwano, M. et al. Evidence that fibroblasts derive from epithelium during tissue fibrosis. J. Clin. Invest. 110, 341\u2013350 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"237_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3218","volume":"19","author":"VS LeBleu","year":"2013","unstructured":"LeBleu, V. S. et al. Origin and function of myofibroblasts in kidney fibrosis. Nat. Med. 19, 1047\u20131053 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"237_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3901","volume":"21","author":"MT Grande","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grande, M. T. et al. Snail1-induced partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition drives renal fibrosis in mice and can be targeted to reverse established disease. Nat. Med. 21, 989\u2013997 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"237_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3902","volume":"21","author":"S Lovisa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lovisa, S. et al. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition induces cell cycle arrest and parenchymal damage in renal fibrosis. Nat. Med. 21, 998\u20131009 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"237_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1999.9211","volume":"208","author":"AS Boyer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Boyer, A. S. et al. TGF\u03b22 and TGF\u03b23 have separate and sequential activities during epithelial\u2013mesenchymal cell transformation in the embryonic heart. Dev. Biol. 208, 530\u2013545 (1999).","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"237_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1613","volume":"13","author":"EM Zeisberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zeisberg, E. M. et al. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition contributes to cardiac fibrosis. Nat. Med. 13, 952\u2013961 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"237_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctdb.2014.11.021","volume":"112","author":"P Savagner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Savagner, P. Epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transitions: from cell plasticity to concept elasticity. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 112, 273\u2013300 (2015).","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"237_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0196-y","volume":"21","author":"MP Stemmler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stemmler, M. P., Eccles, R. L., Brabletz, S. & Brabletz, T. Non-redundant functions of EMT transcription factors. Nat. Cell Biol. 21, 102\u2013112 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"237_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2007.08.029","volume":"1778","author":"E Assemat","year":"2008","unstructured":"Assemat, E., Bazellieres, E., Pallesi-Pocachard, E., Le Bivic, A. & Massey-Harroche, D. Polarity complex proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1778, 614\u2013630 (2008).","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"237_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.016634","volume":"121","author":"M Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee, M. & Vasioukhin, V. Cell polarity and cancer\u2013cell and tissue polarity as a non-canonical tumor suppressor. J. Cell. Sci. 121, 1141\u201350 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Sci."},{"key":"237_CR77","first-page":"3205","volume":"127","author":"SP Ngok","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ngok, S. P., Lin, W. H. & Anastasiadis, P. Z. Establishment of epithelial polarity\u2013GEF who\u2019s minding the GAP? J. Cell Sci. 127, 3205\u20133215 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"237_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1105776","volume":"307","author":"M Barrios-Rodiles","year":"2005","unstructured":"Barrios-Rodiles, M. et al. High-throughput mapping of a dynamic signaling network in mammalian cells. Science 307, 1621\u20131625 (2005).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"237_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1105718","volume":"307","author":"B Ozdamar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ozdamar, B. et al. Regulation of the polarity protein Par6 by TGF\u03b2 receptors controls epithelial cell plasticity. Science 307, 1603\u20131609 (2005).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"237_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-019-0291-8","volume":"21","author":"HY Jung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jung, H. Y. et al. Apical\u2013basal polarity inhibits epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition and tumour metastasis by PAR-complex-mediated SNAI1 degradation. Nat. Cell Biol. 21, 359\u2013371 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"237_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7117","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1209701","volume":"25","author":"E Janda","year":"2006","unstructured":"Janda, E. et al. Raf plus TGF\u03b2-dependent EMT is initiated by endocytosis and lysosomal degradation of E-cadherin. Oncogene 25, 7117\u20137130 (2006).","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"237_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2011.01.036","volume":"19","author":"MA Eckert","year":"2011","unstructured":"Eckert, M. A. et al. Twist1-induced invadopodia formation promotes tumor metastasis. Cancer Cell 19, 372\u2013386 (2011).","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"237_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0080-4","volume":"20","author":"A Dongre","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dongre, A. & Weinberg, R. A. New insights into the mechanisms of epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition and implications for cancer. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 20, 69\u201384 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"237_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/330395a0","volume":"330","author":"JL Boulay","year":"1987","unstructured":"Boulay, J. L., Dennefeld, C. & Alberga, A. The Drosophila developmental gene snail encodes a protein with nucleic acid binding fingers. Nature 330, 395\u2013398 (1987).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"237_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.116.1.227","volume":"116","author":"MA Nieto","year":"1992","unstructured":"Nieto, M. A., Bennett, M. F., Sargent, M. G. & Wilkinson, D. G. Cloning and developmental expression of Sna, a murine homologue of the Drosophila snail gene. Development 116, 227\u2013237 (1992).","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"237_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5603","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601421","volume":"25","author":"A Boutet","year":"2006","unstructured":"Boutet, A. et al. Snail activation disrupts tissue homeostasis and induces fibrosis in the adult kidney. EMBO J. 25, 5603\u20135613 (2006).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"237_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.119.2.433","volume":"119","author":"J Funahashi","year":"1993","unstructured":"Funahashi, J., Sekido, R., Murai, K., Kamachi, Y. & Kondoh, H. Delta-crystallin enhancer binding protein delta EF1 is a zinc finger-homeodomain protein implicated in postgastrulation embryogenesis. Development 119, 433\u2013446 (1993).","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"237_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3823","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203721","volume":"19","author":"ML Grooteclaes","year":"2000","unstructured":"Grooteclaes, M. L. & Frisch, S. M. Evidence for a function of CtBP in epithelial gene regulation and anoikis. Oncogene 19, 3823\u20133828 (2000).","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"237_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013614","volume":"5","author":"S Oba","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oba, S. et al. miR-200b precursor can ameliorate renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis. PLoS One 5, e13614 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"237_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20489","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.29.20489","volume":"274","author":"K Verschueren","year":"1999","unstructured":"Verschueren, K. et al. SIP1, a novel zinc finger\/homeodomain repressor, interacts with Smad proteins and binds to 5\u2032-CACCT sequences in candidate target genes. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 20489\u201320498 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"237_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03056.x","volume":"7","author":"B Thisse","year":"1988","unstructured":"Thisse, B., Stoetzel, C., Gorostiza-Thisse, C. & Perrin-Schmitt, F. Sequence of the twist gene and nuclear localization of its protein in endomesodermal cells of early Drosophila embryos. EMBO J. 7, 2175\u20132183 (1988).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"237_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1369\/jhc.6A7157.2007","volume":"55","author":"Y Kida","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kida, Y., Asahina, K., Teraoka, H., Gitelman, I. & Sato, T. Twist relates to tubular epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition and interstitial fibrogenesis in the obstructed kidney. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 55, 661\u2013673 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"237_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.12017","volume":"11","author":"KT Yeung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yeung, K. T. & Yang, J. Epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition in tumor metastasis. Mol. Oncol. 11, 28\u201339 (2017).","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00428-9","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634256000000}}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41580-020-0237-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41580-020-0237-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41580-020-0237-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T08:26:30Z","timestamp":1634545590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41580-020-0237-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]]}},"alternative-id":["237"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41580-020-0237-9","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00428-9","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-0072","1471-0080"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-0072","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-0080","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 March 2020","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 April 2020","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2021","order":3,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":4,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":5,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41580-021-00428-9","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41580-021-00428-9","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}