{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T17:51:55Z","timestamp":1776966715602,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7807","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]],"date-time":"2020-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]],"date-time":"2020-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A list of authors and their affiliations appears at the end of the paper New-particle formation is a major contributor to urban smog<jats:sup>1,2<\/jats:sup>, but how it occurs in cities is often puzzling<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>. If the growth rates of urban particles are similar to those found in cleaner environments (1\u201310 nanometres per hour), then existing understanding suggests that new urban particles should be rapidly scavenged by the high concentration of pre-existing particles. Here we show, through experiments performed under atmospheric conditions in the CLOUD chamber at CERN, that below about +5 degrees Celsius, nitric acid and ammonia vapours can condense onto freshly nucleated particles as small as a few nanometres in diameter. Moreover, when it is cold enough (below \u221215 degrees Celsius), nitric acid and ammonia can nucleate directly through an acid\u2013base stabilization mechanism to form ammonium\u00a0nitrate particles. Given that these vapours are often one thousand times more abundant than sulfuric acid, the resulting particle growth rates can be extremely high, reaching well above 100 nanometres per hour. However, these high growth rates require the gas-particle ammonium\u00a0nitrate system to be out of equilibrium in order to sustain gas-phase supersaturations. In view of the strong temperature dependence that we measure for the gas-phase supersaturations, we expect such transient conditions to occur in inhomogeneous urban settings, especially in wintertime, driven by vertical mixing and by strong local sources such as traffic. Even though rapid growth from nitric acid and ammonia condensation may last for only a few minutes, it is nonetheless fast enough to shepherd freshly nucleated particles through the smallest size range where they are most vulnerable to scavenging loss, thus greatly increasing their survival probability. We also expect nitric acid and ammonia nucleation and rapid growth to be important in the relatively clean and cold upper free troposphere, where ammonia can be convected from the continental boundary layer and nitric acid is abundant from electrical storms<jats:sup>4,5<\/jats:sup>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2270-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]],"date-time":"2020-05-13T16:09:22Z","timestamp":1589386162000},"page":"184-189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":253,"title":["Rapid growth of new atmospheric particles by nitric acid and ammonia condensation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"581","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5782-2513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9432-2857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weimeng","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ruby","family":"Marten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7416-306X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu-Cheng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6963-5205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dexian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joschka","family":"Pfeifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Arto","family":"Heitto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jenni","family":"Kontkanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1105-9043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lubna","family":"Dada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"K\u00fcrten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Taina","family":"Yli-Juuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hanna E.","family":"Manninen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stavros","family":"Amanatidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4480-2107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rima","family":"Baalbaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4614-247X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Baccarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Bertozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Br\u00e4kling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Brilke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luc\u00eda Caudillo","family":"Murillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Randall","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Biwu","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Louis-Philippe","family":"De Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8819-0264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Duplissy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Henning","family":"Finkenzeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Loic Gonzalez","family":"Carracedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Granzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Guida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1062-2394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armin","family":"Hansel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Hofbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Krechmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Katrianne","family":"Lehtipalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Houssni","family":"Lamkaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1990-6155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Lampim\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0051-8179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuan Ping","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Makhmutov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Marie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Mathot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roy L.","family":"Mauldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Mentler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tatjana","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Antti","family":"Onnela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Partoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1881-9044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuukka","family":"Pet\u00e4j\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4302-0020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxim","family":"Philippov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Pospisilova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ananth","family":"Ranjithkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0463-8098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matti","family":"Rissanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Birte","family":"R\u00f6rup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wiebke","family":"Scholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jiali","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mikko","family":"Sipil\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3008-1414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerhard","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1014-1360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Stolzenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yee Jun","family":"Tham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Tom\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrea C.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dongyu S.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2498-9143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonghong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stefan K.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Wlasits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yusheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mao","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0867-665X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel","family":"Zauner-Wieczorek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xueqin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0899-1369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rainer","family":"Volkamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ilona","family":"Riipinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0006-0009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josef","family":"Dommen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3153-4630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joachim","family":"Curtius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Urs","family":"Baltensperger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Markku","family":"Kulmala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Douglas R.","family":"Worsnop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2341-9069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasper","family":"Kirkby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1344-4068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John H.","family":"Seinfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Imad","family":"El-Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5690-770X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard C.","family":"Flagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3054-2364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil M.","family":"Donahue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2270_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820390229570","volume":"38","author":"CO Stanier","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stanier, C. O., Khlystov, A. Y. & Pandis, S. N. Nucleation events during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study: description and relation to key meteorological, gas phase, and aerosol parameters. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 38, 253\u2013264 (2004).","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2270_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao4839","volume":"361","author":"L Yao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yao, L. et al. Atmospheric new particle formation from sulfuric acid and amines in a Chinese megacity. Science 361, 278\u2013281 (2018).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2270_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FD00257A","volume":"200","author":"M Kulmala","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kulmala, M., Kerminen, V.-M., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., Ding, A. J. & Wang, L. Atmospheric gas-to-particle conversion: why NPF events are observed in megacities? Faraday Discuss. 200, 271\u2013288 (2017).","journal-title":"Faraday Discuss."},{"key":"2270_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-019-0385-8","volume":"12","author":"M H\u00f6pfner","year":"2019","unstructured":"H\u00f6pfner, M. et al. Ammonium nitrate particles formed in upper troposphere from ground ammonia sources during Asian monsoons. Nat. Geosci. 12, 608\u2013612 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"2270_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1638-9","volume":"574","author":"CJ Williamson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Williamson, C. J. et al. A large source of cloud condensation nuclei from new particle formation in the tropics. Nature 574, 399\u2013403 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2270_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107415324"},{"key":"2270_CR7","first-page":"D22S02","volume":"110","author":"PH McMurry","year":"2005","unstructured":"McMurry, P. H. et al. A criterion for new particle formation in the sulfur-rich Atlanta atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. D 110, D22S02 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. D"},{"key":"2270_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1227385","volume":"339","author":"M Kulmala","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kulmala, M. et al. Direct observations of atmospheric aerosol nucleation. Science 339, 943\u2013946 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2270_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8739","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD026844","volume":"122","author":"H Gordon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gordon, H. et al. Causes and importance of new particle formation in the present-day and pre-industrial atmospheres. J. Geophys. Res. D 122, 8739\u20138760 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. D"},{"key":"2270_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1499","volume":"5","author":"I Riipinen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Riipinen, I. et al. Contribution of organics to atmospheric nanoparticle growth. Nat. Geosci. 5, 453\u2013458 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"2270_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-1367-2007","volume":"7","author":"JR Pierce","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pierce, J. R. & Adams, P. J. Efficiency of cloud condensation nuclei formation from ultrafine particles. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 1367\u20131379 (2007).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2270_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L09822","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL037584","volume":"36","author":"C Kuang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kuang, C., McMurry, P. H. & McCormick, A. V. Determination of cloud condensation nuclei production from measured new particle formation events. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L09822 (2009).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2270_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.8b00360","volume":"5","author":"JS Apte","year":"2018","unstructured":"Apte, J. S., Brauer, M., Cohen, A. J., Ezzati, M. & Pope, C. A. Ambient PM2.5 reduces global and regional life expectancy. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 5, 546\u2013551 (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"2270_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3973","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-018-4267-3","volume":"51","author":"G Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, G., Wang, W.-C. & Chen, J.-P. Circulation responses to regional aerosol climate forcing in summer over East Asia. Clim. Dyn. 51, 3973\u20133984 (2018).","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"2270_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(01)00194-X","volume":"33","author":"V-M Kerminen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kerminen, V.-M. & Kulmala, M. Analytical formulae connecting the \u201creal\u201d and the \u201capparent\u201d nucleation rate and the nuclei number concentration for atmospheric nucleation events. J. Aerosol Sci. 33, 609\u2013622 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"2270_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D16S06","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004149","volume":"109","author":"S Takahama","year":"2004","unstructured":"Takahama, S., Wittig, A. E., Vayenas, D. V., Davidson, C. I. & Pandis, S. N. Modeling the diurnal variation of nitrate during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study. J. Geophys. Res. D 109, D16S06 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. D"},{"key":"2270_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD029245","volume":"124","author":"W Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu, W. et al. Changes in aerosol chemistry from 2014 to 2016 in winter in Beijing: insights from high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry. J. Geophys. Res. D 124, 1132\u20131147 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. D"},{"key":"2270_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(80)90589-5","volume":"78","author":"PH McMurry","year":"1980","unstructured":"McMurry, P. H. Photochemical aerosol formation from SO2: a theoretical analysis of smog chamber data. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 78, 513\u2013527 (1980).","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"2270_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17953","volume":"533","author":"J Kirkby","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kirkby, J. et al. Ion-induced nucleation of pure biogenic particles. Nature 533, 521\u2013526 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2270_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1807604115","volume":"115","author":"D Stolzenburg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stolzenburg, D. et al. Rapid growth of organic aerosol nanoparticles over a wide tropospheric temperature range. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 9122\u20139127 (2018).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2270_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00775","volume":"417","author":"CD O\u2019Dowd","year":"2002","unstructured":"O\u2019Dowd, C. D. et al. Marine aerosol formation from biogenic iodine emissions. Nature 417, 632\u2013636 (2002).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2270_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10343","volume":"476","author":"J Kirkby","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kirkby, J. et al. Role of sulphuric acid, ammonia and galactic cosmic rays in atmospheric aerosol nucleation. Nature 476, 429\u2013433 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2270_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13733","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-13733-2018","volume":"18","author":"J Kontkanen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kontkanen, J., Olenius, T., Kulmala, M. & Riipinen, I. Exploring the potential of nano-k\u00f6hler theory to describe the growth of atmospheric molecular clusters by organic vapors using cluster kinetics simulations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 13733\u201313754 (2018).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2270_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10676","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b02422","volume":"53","author":"K Lu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lu, K. et al. Fast photochemistry in wintertime haze: consequences for pollution mitigation strategies. Environ. Sci. Technol. 53, 10676\u201310684 (2019).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2270_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12507","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-12507-2013","volume":"13","author":"T Yli-Juuti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yli-Juuti, T. et al. Model for acid-base chemistry in nanoparticle growth (MABNAG). Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 12507\u201312524 (2013).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2270_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1127\/0941-2948\/2012\/0356","volume":"21","author":"MO Letzel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Letzel, M. O. et al. LES case study on pedestrian level ventilation in two neighbourhoods in Hong Kong. Meteorol. Z. (Berl.) 21, 575\u2013589 (2012).","journal-title":"Meteorol. Z. (Berl.)"},{"key":"2270_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7907","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-7907-2010","volume":"10","author":"HE Manninen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Manninen, H. E. et al. EUCAARI ion spectrometer measurements at 12 European sites \u2013 analysis of new particle formation events. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 7907\u20137927 (2010).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2270_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9019","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-9019-2011","volume":"11","author":"JR Pierce","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pierce, J. R. et al. Quantification of the volatility of secondary organic compounds in ultrafine particles during nucleation events. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, 9019\u20139036 (2011).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2270_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6147","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1719949115","volume":"115","author":"C Ge","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ge, C., Zhu, C., Francisco, J. S., Zeng, X. C. & Wang, J. A molecular perspective for global modeling of upper atmospheric NH3 from freezing clouds. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 6147\u20136152 (2018).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2270_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17406","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CP02719F","volume":"20","author":"L Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu, L. et al. The role of nitric acid in atmospheric new particle formation. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 20, 17406\u201317414 (2018).","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2270_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023539","volume":"121","author":"J Duplissy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Duplissy, J. et al. Effect of ions on sulfuric acid-water binary particle formation: 2. Experimental data and comparison with QC-normalized classical nucleation theory. J. Geophys. Res. D 121, 1752\u20131775 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. D"},{"key":"2270_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5075","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-10-5075-2017","volume":"10","author":"A Dias","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dias, A. et al. Temperature uniformity in the CERN CLOUD chamber. Aerosol Meas. Tech. 10, 5075\u20135088 (2017).","journal-title":"Meas. Tech."},{"key":"2270_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-2159-2014","volume":"7","author":"R Schnitzhofer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schnitzhofer, R. et al. Characterisation of organic contaminants in the CLOUD chamber at CERN. Aerosol Meas. Techn. 7, 2159\u20132168 (2014).","journal-title":"Aerosol Meas. Techn."},{"key":"2270_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4117","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-4117-2012","volume":"12","author":"T Jokinen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jokinen, T. et al. Atmospheric sulphuric acid and neutral cluster measurements using CI-APi-TOF. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12, 4117\u20134125 (2012).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2270_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-3-1039-2010","volume":"3","author":"H Junninen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Junninen, H. et al. A high-resolution mass spectrometer to measure atmospheric ion composition. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 3, 1039\u20131053 (2010).","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"2270_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9001","DOI":"10.1029\/93JD00031","volume":"98","author":"F Eisele","year":"1993","unstructured":"Eisele, F. & Tanner, D. Measurement of the gas phase concentration of H2SO4 and methane sulfonic acid and estimates of H2SO4 production and loss in the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. D 98, 9001\u20139010 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. D"},{"key":"2270_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pfeifer, J. et al. Measurement of ammonia, amines and iodine species using protonated water cluster chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Atmos. Meas. Tech. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-2019-215 (2019).","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-2019-215"},{"key":"2270_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-4-437-2011","volume":"4","author":"A K\u00fcrten","year":"2011","unstructured":"K\u00fcrten, A., Rondo, L., Ehrhart, S. & Curtius, J. Performance of a corona ion source for measurement of sulfuric acid by chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 4, 437\u2013443 (2011).","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"2270_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18271","volume":"533","author":"J Tr\u00f6stl","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tr\u00f6stl, J. et al. The role of low-volatility organic compounds in initial particle growth in the atmosphere. Nature 533, 527\u2013531 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2270_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5824","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b05110","volume":"89","author":"M Breitenlechner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Breitenlechner, M. et al. PTR3: an instrument for studying the lifecycle of reactive organic carbon in the atmosphere. Anal. Chem. 89, 5824\u20135831 (2017).","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2270_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(99)00424-0","volume":"848","author":"M Gautrois","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gautrois, M. & Koppmann, R. Diffusion technique for the production of gas standards for atmospheric measurements. J. Chromatogr. A 848, 239\u2013249 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"2270_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5702","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b02114","volume":"50","author":"M Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, M. et al. Reactions of atmospheric particulate stabilized Criegee intermediates lead to high molecular weight aerosol components. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 5702\u20135710 (2016).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2270_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-983-2014","volume":"7","author":"FD Lopez-Hilfiker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D. et al. A novel method for online analysis of gas and particle composition: description and evaluation of a Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols (FIGAERO). Atmos. Meas. Tech. 7, 983\u20131001 (2014).","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"2270_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-10-1639-2017","volume":"10","author":"D Stolzenburg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stolzenburg, D., Steiner, G. & Winkler, P. M. A DMA-train for precision measurement of sub-10 nm aerosol dynamics. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 10, 1639\u20131651 (2017).","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"2270_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2017.1315046","volume":"51","author":"W Mui","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mui, W., Mai, H., Downard, A. J., Seinfeld, J. H. & Flagan, R. C. Design, simulation, and characterization of a radial opposed migration ion and aerosol classifier (ROMIAC). Aerosol Sci. Technol. 51, 801\u2013823 (2017).","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2270_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-1793-2013","volume":"6","author":"D Wimmer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wimmer, D. et al. Performance of diethylene glycol-based particle counters in the sub-3 nm size range. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 6, 1793\u20131804 (2013).","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"2270_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2018.1528005","volume":"52","author":"H Mai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mai, H. & Flagan, R. C. Scanning DMA data analysis I. Classification transfer function. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 52, 1382\u20131399 (2018).","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2270_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2018.1528006","volume":"52","author":"H Mai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mai, H., Kong, W., Seinfeld, J. H. & Flagan, R. C. Scanning DMA data analysis II. Integrated DMA-CPC instrument response and data inversion. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 52, 1400\u20131414 (2018).","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2270_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D10204","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD015199","volume":"116","author":"Z Jur\u00e1nyi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jur\u00e1nyi, Z. et al. A 17 month climatology of the cloud condensation nuclei number concentration at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch. J. Geophys. Res. D 116, D10204 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. D"},{"key":"2270_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2015.04.001","volume":"87","author":"J Tr\u00f6stl","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tr\u00f6stl, J. et al. Fast and precise measurement in the sub-20 nm size range using a scanning mobility particle sizer. J. Aerosol Sci. 87, 75\u201387 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"2270_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-657-2012","volume":"5","author":"A Wiedensohler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wiedensohler, A. et al. Mobility particle size spectrometers: harmonization of technical standards and data structure to facilitate high quality long-term observations of atmospheric particle number size distributions. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 5, 657\u2013685 (2012).","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"2270_CR52","unstructured":"Seinfeld, J. H. & Pandis, S. N. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2nd edn (John Wiley & Sons, 2006)."},{"key":"2270_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denbigh, K. G. & Denbigh, K. G. The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium: With Applications in Chemistry and Chemical Eengineering (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1981).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139167604"},{"key":"2270_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1686(93)90356-4","volume":"27","author":"M Mozurkewich","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mozurkewich, M. The dissociation constant of ammonium nitrate and its dependence on temperature, relative humidity and particle size. Atmos. Environ. A 27, 261\u2013270 (1993).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ. A"},{"key":"2270_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau5363","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau5363","volume":"4","author":"K Lehtipalo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lehtipalo, K. et al. Multi-component new particle formation from sulfuric acid, ammonia and biogenic vapors. Sci. Adv. 4, eaau5363 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2270_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5692","DOI":"10.1021\/jp056149k","volume":"110","author":"SL Clegg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Clegg, S. L. & Seinfeld, J. H. Thermodynamic models of aqueous solutions containing inorganic electrolytes and dicarboxylic acids at 298.15 K. 1. The acids as nondissociating components. J. Phys. Chem. A 110, 5692\u20135717 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"2270_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5718","DOI":"10.1021\/jp056150j","volume":"110","author":"SL Clegg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Clegg, S. L. & Seinfeld, J. H. Thermodynamic models of aqueous solutions containing inorganic electrolytes and dicarboxylic acids at 298.15 K. 2. Systems including dissociation equilibria. J. Phys. Chem. A 110, 5718\u20135734 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"2270_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, M. et al. Rapid growth of new atmospheric particles by nitric acid and ammonia condensation: data resources. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.3653377 (2020).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.3653377"},{"key":"2270_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-1769-2015","volume":"15","author":"S Xiao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xiao, S. et al. Strong atmospheric new particle formation in winter in urban Shanghai, China. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15, 1769\u20131781 (2015).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2270_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D05207","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009260","volume":"113","author":"K Iida","year":"2008","unstructured":"Iida, K., Stolzenburg, M. R., McMurry, P. H. & Smith, J. N. Estimating nanoparticle growth rates from size-dependent charged fractions: Analysis of new particle formation events in Mexico City. J. Geophys. Res. D Atmospheres 113, D05207 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. D Atmospheres"},{"key":"2270_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820701846252","volume":"42","author":"G Mordas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mordas, G. et al. On operation of the ultra-fine water-based CPC TSI 3786 and comparison with other TSI models (TSI 3776, TSI 3772, TSI 3025, TSI 3010, TSI 3007). Aerosol Sci. Technol. 42, 152\u2013158 (2008).","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2270_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11594","volume":"7","author":"K Lehtipalo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lehtipalo, K. et al. The effect of acid-base clustering and ions on the growth of atmospheric nano-particles. Nat. Commun. 7, 11594 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2270_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2007.00267.x","volume":"59","author":"M Dal Maso","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dal Maso, M. et al. Aerosol size distribution measurements at four Nordic field stations: identification, analysis and trajectory analysis of new particle formation bursts. Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meterol. 59, 350\u2013361 (2007).","journal-title":"Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meterol."},{"key":"2270_CR64","first-page":"323","volume":"10","author":"M Dal Maso","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dal Maso, M. et al. Formation and growth of fresh atmospheric aerosols: eight years of aerosol size distribution data from SMEAR II, Hyyti\u00e4l\u00e4, Finland. Boreal Environ. Res. 10, 323\u2013326 (2005).","journal-title":"Boreal Environ. Res."},{"key":"2270_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4295","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002939","volume":"108","author":"M Komppula","year":"2003","unstructured":"Komppula, M. et al. Observations of new particle formation and size distributions at two different heights and surroundings in subarctic area in northern finland. J. Geophys. Res. D Atmospheres 108 (D9), 4295 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. D Atmospheres"},{"key":"2270_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-4-2015-2004","volume":"4","author":"H Vehkam\u00e4ki","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vehkam\u00e4ki, H. et al. Atmospheric particle formation events at V\u00e4rri\u00f6 measurement station in Finnish Lapland 1998-2002. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 4, 2015\u20132023 (2004).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2270_CR67","first-page":"81","volume":"13","author":"M Dal Maso","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dal Maso, M. et al. Aerosol particle formation events at two Siberian stations inside the boreal forest. Boreal Environ. Res. 13, 81\u201392 (2008).","journal-title":"Boreal Environ. Res."},{"key":"2270_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2008.00365.x","volume":"60","author":"T Hussein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hussein, T. et al. Observation of regional new particle formation in the urban atmosphere. Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meterol. 60, 509\u2013521 (2008).","journal-title":"Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meterol."},{"key":"2270_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10219","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-10219-2015","volume":"15","author":"M Pikridas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pikridas, M. et al. In situ formation and spatial variability of particle number concentration in a European megacity. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15, 10219\u201310237 (2015).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2270_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-355-2007","volume":"7","author":"A Hamed","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hamed, A. et al. Nucleation and growth of new particles in Po Valley, Italy. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 355\u2013376 (2007).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2270_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2017.04.021","volume":"194","author":"SM Hama","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hama, S. M., Cordell, R. L., Kos, G. P., Weijers, E. & Monks, P. S. Sub-micron particle number size distribution characteristics at two urban locations in leicester. Atmos. Res. 194, 1\u201316 (2017).","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"2270_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(11)60725-0","volume":"24","author":"J Gao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gao, J., Chai, F., Wang, T., Wang, S. & Wang, W. Particle number size distribution and new particle formation: new characteristics during the special pollution control period in Beijing. J. Environ. Sci. 24, 14\u201321 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"2270_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12495","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-12495-2013","volume":"13","author":"Z Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang, Z. et al. Characteristics of regional new particle formation in urban and regional background environments in the North China Plain. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 12495\u201312506 (2013).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2270_CR74","first-page":"D00G12","volume":"114","author":"D Yue","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yue, D. et al. Characteristics of aerosol size distributions and new particle formation in the summer in Beijing. J. Geophys. Res. D Atmospheres 114, D00G12 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. D Atmospheres"},{"key":"2270_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2011.00533.x","volume":"63","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Characterization of new particle and secondary aerosol formation during summertime in Beijing, China. Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meterol. 63, 382\u2013394 (2011).","journal-title":"China. Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meterol."},{"key":"2270_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7170","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b02143","volume":"49","author":"H Man","year":"2015","unstructured":"Man, H. et al. Comparison of daytime and nighttime new particle growth at the HKUST supersite in Hong Kong. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49, 7170\u20137178 (2015).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2270_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.01.038","volume":"108","author":"J An","year":"2015","unstructured":"An, J. et al. Characteristics of new particle formation events in Nanjing, China: effect of water-soluble ions. Atmos. Environ. 108, 32\u201340 (2015).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2270_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-2169-2014","volume":"14","author":"E Herrmann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Herrmann, E. et al. Aerosols and nucleation in eastern China: first insights from the new SORPES-NJU station. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 2169\u20132183 (2014).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2270_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-2641-2016","volume":"16","author":"H Yu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yu, H. et al. Nucleation and growth of sub-3 nm particles in the polluted urban atmosphere of a megacity in China. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16, 2641\u20132657 (2016).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2270_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10249","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-10249-2014","volume":"14","author":"J Peng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Peng, J. et al. Submicron aerosols at thirteen diversified sites in China: size distribution, new particle formation and corresponding contribution to cloud condensation nuclei production. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 10249\u201310265 (2014).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2270_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.05.046","volume":"94","author":"V Kanawade","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kanawade, V. et al. Infrequent occurrence of new particle formation at a semi-rural location, Gadanki, in tropical Southern India. Atmos. Environ. 94, 264\u2013273 (2014).","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2270_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-57-2005","volume":"5","author":"P M\u00f6nkk\u00f6nen","year":"2005","unstructured":"M\u00f6nkk\u00f6nen, P. et al. Measurements in a highly polluted Asian mega city: observations of aerosol number size distribution, modal parameters and nucleation events. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5, 57\u201366 (2005).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2270_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8469","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-8469-2010","volume":"10","author":"C Kuang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kuang, C. et al. An improved criterion for new particle formation in diverse atmospheric environments. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 8469\u20138480 (2010).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2270_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D23201","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007167","volume":"111","author":"K Iida","year":"2006","unstructured":"Iida, K. et al. Contribution of ion-induced nucleation to new particle formation: Methodology and its application to atmospheric observations in Boulder, Colorado. J. Geophys. Res. D Atmospheres 111, D23201 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. D Atmospheres"}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-020-2270-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-020-2270-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-020-2270-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T19:04:12Z","timestamp":1732820652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-020-2270-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7807","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]]}},"alternative-id":["2270"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2270-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 September 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 March 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}