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However, this claim is mostly based on extremely precise studies performed in the domain of relatively low field strengths and light atoms and ions<jats:sup>1\u20136<\/jats:sup>. In the realm of very strong electromagnetic fields such as in the heaviest highly charged ions (with nuclear charge <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u226b\u20091), QED calculations enter a qualitatively different, non-perturbative regime. Yet, the corresponding experimental studies are very challenging, and theoretical predictions are only partially tested. Here we present an experiment sensitive to higher-order QED effects and electron\u2013electron interactions in the high-<jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic> regime. This is achieved by using a multi-reference method based on Doppler-tuned X-ray emission from stored relativistic uranium ions with different charge states. The energy of the 1<jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub>2<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>3\/2<\/jats:sub>\u2009<jats:italic>J<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092\u2009\u2192\u20091<jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub>2<jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub>\u2009<jats:italic>J<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091 intrashell transition in the heaviest two-electron ion (U<jats:sup>90+<\/jats:sup>) is obtained with an accuracy of 37\u2009ppm. Furthermore, a comparison of uranium ions with different numbers of bound electrons enables us to disentangle and to test separately the one-electron higher-order QED effects and the bound electron\u2013electron interaction terms without the uncertainty related to the nuclear radius. Moreover, our experimental result can discriminate between several state-of-the-art theoretical approaches and provides an important benchmark for calculations in the strong-field domain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06910-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T17:02:39Z","timestamp":1706115759000},"page":"673-678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Testing quantum electrodynamics in extreme fields using helium-like uranium"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"625","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4663-7563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Loetzsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"H. 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