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Although the vapours involved remain unknown, recent satellite observations have revealed surprisingly high night-time isoprene mixing ratios of up to 1\u2009part per billion by volume (ppbv) in the tropical upper troposphere<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>. Here, in experiments performed with the CERN CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets) chamber, we report new particle formation initiated by the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with isoprene at upper-tropospheric temperatures of \u221230\u2009\u00b0C and \u221250\u2009\u00b0C. We find that isoprene-oxygenated organic molecules (IP-OOM) nucleate at concentrations found in the upper troposphere, without requiring any more vapours. Moreover, the nucleation rates are enhanced 100-fold by extremely low concentrations of sulfuric acid or iodine oxoacids above 10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\u2009cm<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>, reaching rates around 30\u2009cm<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\u2009s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> at acid concentrations of 10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\u2009cm<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>. Our measurements show that nucleation involves sequential addition of IP-OOM, together with zero or one acid molecule in the embryonic molecular clusters. IP-OOM also drive rapid particle growth at 3\u201360\u2009nm\u2009h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. We find that rapid nucleation and growth rates persist in the presence of NO<jats:sub><jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> at upper-tropospheric concentrations from lightning. Our laboratory measurements show that isoprene emitted by rainforests may drive rapid new particle formation in extensive regions of the tropical upper troposphere<jats:sup>1,2<\/jats:sup>, resulting in tens of thousands of particles per cubic centimetre.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08196-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T16:02:32Z","timestamp":1733328152000},"page":"115-123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["New particle formation from isoprene under upper-tropospheric conditions"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"636","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8701-7929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiali","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1434-247X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas 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Evolution of aerosol properties over the rain forest in Surinam, South America, observed from aircraft during the LBA-CLAIRE 98 experiment. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 108, 4561 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"8196_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-921-2018","volume":"18","author":"MO Andreae","year":"2018","unstructured":"Andreae, M. O. et al. Aerosol characteristics and particle production in the upper troposphere over the Amazon Basin. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 921\u2013961 (2018).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"8196_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1638-9","volume":"574","author":"CJ Williamson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Williamson, C. J. et al. A large source of cloud condensation nuclei from new particle formation in the tropics. 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